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ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE

Introduction &
Review at Glance

What is AI?
Views of AI fall into four categories:
Thinking humanly
Acting humanly

Thinking rationally
Acting rationally

The textbook advocates "acting rationally"

Acting humanly: Turing Test

Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":
"Can machines think?" "Can machines behave

intelligently?"
Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50

years
Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning,
language understanding, learning

Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a

30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes

Thinking humanly: cognitive

modeling
1960s "cognitive revolution": information-processing

psychology
Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the
brain
-- How to validate? Requires
1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects
(top-down)
or 2) Direct identification from neurological data
(bottom-up)
Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science and

Cognitive Neuroscience)
are now distinct from AI

Thinking rationally: "laws of

thought"
Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought
processes?
Several Greek schools developed various forms of
logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts;
may or may not have proceeded to the idea of
mechanization
Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to
modern AI
Problems:
1.
Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical
deliberation
2.
What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts
should I have?

Acting rationally: rational agent

Rational behavior: doing the right thing
The right thing: that which is expected to

maximize goal achievement, given the

available information
Doesn't necessarily involve thinking e.g.,
blinking reflex but thinking should be in the
service of rational action

Rational agents
An agent is an entity that perceives and acts
This course is about designing rational agents
Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept

histories to actions:

[f: P* A]
For any given class of environments and tasks, we
seek the agent (or class of agents) with the best
performance
Caveat: computational limitations make perfect
rationality unachievable
design best program for given machine resources

AI prehistory
Philosophy

Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical

system foundations of learning, language,
rationality
Mathematics
Formal representation and proof algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,
probability
Economics
utility, decision theory
Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activity
Psychology
phenomena of perception and motor control,
experimental techniques
Computer
building fast computers
engineering
Control theory design systems that maximize an objective
function over time
Linguistics
knowledge representation, grammar

Abridged history of AI

1943
1950
1956
195269
1950s

1965
196673

196979
1980-1986-1987-1995--

McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain

Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted
Look, Ma, no hands!
Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,
Gelernter's Geometry Engine
Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
Early development of knowledge-based systems
AI becomes an industry
Neural networks return to popularity
AI becomes a science
The emergence of intelligent agents

State of the art

Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry

Kasparov in 1997
Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture)
unsolved for decades
No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the
time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics
planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000
vehicles, cargo, and people
NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the
scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans

Artificial Intelligence (AI) atau

kecerdasan buatan adalah:
suatu ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi

yang berdasarkan pada disiplin ilmu

seperti ilmu komputer, biologi, psikologi,
ilmu bahasa, matematika dan teknik.
merupakan salah satu bidang dari ilmu
komputer yang membahas tentang
kemungkinan komputer untuk dapat
berlaku secara intelligen seperti halnya
manusia

Tujuan AI
menciptakan komputer-komputer yang

dapat berfikir (dan juga) dapat melihat,

mendengar, berjalan, berbicara, dan
merasakan
pengembangan fungsi normal komputer
yang digabungkan dengan kecerdasan
manusia, seperti memberi alasan,
menarik kesimpulan, belajar dan
memecahkan masalah.

Apakah perkembangan komputer

sejauh ini belum memperlihatkan
prilaku intelijen tersebut ?

Teknik-teknik AI
Teknik-teknik AI terutama digunakan untuk

mengatasi masalah yang bersifat non

Algoritmik

Contoh teknik AI :
General Problem Solving
Fuzzy Logic
Neural Network
Neural Fuzzy
Genetic algorithm

Beberapa bidang yang telah digarap AI :

Game Playing
Robotic
Natural Language Processing
Pattern (Vision/Speech )Recognition
Expert System
Proyek Penelitian di Jepang : Komputer

Biologis

Mungkinkah komputer dapat

berpikir mandiri ?
(Berpikir sebagai salah satu kriteria
cerdas)
..
..

..

Credit Card Purchase Approval

One of the first successful applications of artificial
intelligence in a business setting was the
"Authorisor's Assistant," developed for American
Express. The system allows the approval of most
transactions without human intervention.
Summarized in the system are a number of rules
that relate to the approval of purchases. The
system uses those rules and the unique profile that
the user establishes by their pattern of purchases
to ensure that the purchase is appropriate

AI on Wall Street
Perhaps the biggest return on AI is potentially on Wall
Street. Substantial attention has been has been given to
the development of automated trading systems, integrating
AI into capital management, and using AI in capital
planning.
However, information about such systems is generally
limited, since disclosure of successful approaches could
lead to the loss of competitive advantage, and large sums
of money.
One activity that appears to be generating the greatest
interest on Wall Street is that of data mining, using
approaches such as neural networks.

Task Domains of
Artificial Intelligence

Bidang lain yang berkaitan erat dengan bidang Artificial

Intelligence
Filsafat, Psikologi, Bahasa,

Jantung riset modern di bidang pemrograman

AI : Hipotesis Sistem Symbol
Newel dan Simon mengemukakan aktivitas/mesin cerdas
(intelligence) dapat dicapai melalui :
Pola-pola simbol untuk merepresentasikan problem
Operasi-operasi untuk menghasilkan berbagai solusi
Asumsi
yang mungkin
Proses pencarian (searching) untuk memilih solusi
terbaik
Representasi
Pengetahuan

Searching

Dasar Teknik Pemrograman AI:

Algoritma:

Searching:
Logika/Logika formal/predikat kalkulus
backtracking

Data:

Representasi Pengetahuan:
List/Graf
Database

Bahasa Pemrograman AI:

Prolog
Lisp
Shell

C
C++

Aplikasi Artificial
Intelligence (AI)
A R T IF IC IA L IN T E L L IG E N C E

A p lik a i Ilm u
F a ls a f a h
S is te m P a k a r
S is te m
B e rb a s is
P e n g e ta h u a n
S is te m
B e la ja r
s is te m L o g ic
Fuzzy

A p lik a s i Ilm u
K o m p u te r
G en era si
K e lim a
K o m p u te r
P em ro se sa n
P a ra rel
P em ro se sa n
S im b o lik
J a rin g a n
N eu ra l

A p lik a s i R o b o tic s

P e rsep si
V is u a l
P e ra b a a n
D e c te rity
P e n g a n g k u ta n
N a v ig a s i

A p lik a s i B a h a s a
A la m i
P
B
P
P
P
B

e n g e rtia n
ahasa
id a to
engakuan
e n te rje m a h a n
ahasa

Sistem Pemrosesan Informasi

Manusia
Aliran proses informasi manusia dimulai

dari ditangkapnya stimulus atau

rangsangan dari lingkungan sekitar oleh
indera kita (mata, kulit, dll) yang
kemudian dikirim ke otak. Di dalam otak
semua stimulus ini diproses yang
kemudian menghasilkan berbagai
keluaran seperti membuat keputusan.

Sistem Pemrosesan Informasi pada Manusia

S u b s is te m P e n y im p a n a n
M em o ri
Jangka
P a n ja n g

S u b s is te m
P e ra sa

S u b s is te m P e m ro s e s a n In f o rm a s i

M a ta

T e lin g a
In d e ra
P e ra s a L a in

M em o ri
Jan gka
P endek

C on
d a
P enga
D a

to h
n
ku an
ta

H a s il R e s p o n

P e m b u a ta n
K e p u tu s a n

K e p u tu s a n
D ib u a t

P ro se s
P e n y e s u a ia n

T ugas
D ija la n k a n

P e m b a g ia n T u g a s

H a s il F is ik

Short Term Memory (STM) atau

Memori Jangka Pendek
Short Term Memory (STM) dapat menyimpan

beberapa unit atau chuck informasi dalam

beberapa detik. Chuck ini dapat berupa
simbol seperti kata-kata, angka, atau gambar.
Short Term Memory (STM) merupakan unit
processor yang digunakan unutk mendukung
proses input atau output. Short Term Memory
(STM) juga berhubungan dengan
kemampuan kita untuk bekerja lebih dari satu
tugas dalam satu waktu.

Long Term Memory (LTM) atau

Memori Jangka Panjang
Long Term Memory (LTM) memiliki

kapasitas yang hampir tidak terbatas

untuk menyimpan informasi. Hanya
dibutuhkan sepersekian detik untuk
memanggil satu unit informasi dari Long
Term Memory (LTM), akan tetapi
membutuhkan waktu lebih lama untuk
menyimpan atau mengingat informasi

Expert Systems (Sistem Pakar)

Sistem pakar (expert systems)

merupakan suatu pengembangan dari

Decision Support Systems (DSS), yang
memiliki fungsi sebagai konsultan.
Sistem pakar merupakan salah satu
aplikasi dari Artificial Inteligence (AI)
yang banyak dimanfaatkan dalam dunia
bisnis

Perbedaan antara Sistem Pakar dan Decision Support Systems

DSS

Karakteristik

ES

Fungsi

Mencerminkan gaya dan

kemampuan manajer untuk
memecahkan masalah

Membuat keputusan
melebihi kemampuan
manajer

Alur Penalaran

Tidak terperinci

Terperinci dengan jelas

Kemampuan
memberikan alasan

Tidak ada

Ada, terbatas

Kemampuan
menjelaskan

Terbatas

Ada

Pengambil Keputusan

Manusia dan/atau sistem

Sistem

Metode manipulasi data

Numerik

Simbolik