SISTEM INFORMASI

MANAJEMEN

Moh. Afif, S.Si, MT., M.PSc

Week #1

Introduction

Information System is a collection of

interrelated components that
work together to perform a specific
task.
e.g. :
Human Body
Business Organization
A Computer

Sub Systems ?

In a System the different components are

connected with each other and they are
interdependent. Each component is a Sub
System of the original system and carries out
part of the systems tasks.
e.g. :
Parts like digestive system in the
human body
The marketing branch of a business
organization

Elements of a System
Input

Processing

Output

Basically there are three major components in every

system, namely input, processing and output.
The System is separated from the external
environment from the system boundary.
The system receives inputs from a its environment and
returns outputs to the environment by processing the
inputs.

Input

Output

Sub systems should communicate with each other in

order to process an output to a particular input.

One subsystems output will be an input to another.

A good system will be made up of highly independent

subsystems with minimal flows between them.

Levels of Management
Upper or Top or Strategic Management
Strategic

Middle or Tactical Management

Lower or Operational level Management

Tactical
Operational

Three levels of management

Levels of Management cont..

Each level of management can be
distinguished by the types of

Decisions made
Time frame considered in the decisions
Types of report information needed to
make decisions

Lower or Operational level Management

They make structured decisions (Operational

decisions). Structured decision is a predictable
decision that can be made following a well defined
set of routine procedures.
Most decisions at this level require easily defined
information that relates to the current status and
activities within the basic business functions.
Information is gained from detailed reports which
contain information about routine activities.
Detailed tasks defined by middle management are
carried out by people at operational level.

Middle or Tactical Management

Information needed involves review,

summarization and analysis of data to help plan
and control operations and implement policy that
has been formulated by upper management.
Information is usually given to middle managers
as summarized reports.
Deals with semi structured decisions. (Tactical
decisions). Semi structured decisions that must be
made without a base of clearly defined
informational procedures. In most cases a semi
structured decision is complex, requiring detailed
analysis and extensive computations.

Upper or Top or Strategic Management

Decides on the broad objectives of an

organization.
Make unstructured decisions. (Strategic decision).
Unstructured decisions are the most complex
type of decisions and are rarely based on
predetermined routine procedures. They involve
subjective judgments of the decision maker.

Types of Information Systems

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Management Information Systems (MIS)
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Executive Information Systems (EIS)
Expert Systems (ES)

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

These systems capture and process data about
business transactions.
Some times called as data processing systems
Mostly used at operational level
Usually creates detailed reports of daily transactions or
future transactions
Reports generated are useful only to lower level
managers

Management Information Systems (MIS)

Provides middle level management with reports that

summarize and categorize information derived from
company databases. (In pre determined format)

Supplements Transaction processing Systems

Able to produce detailed information, summary

information, exception information

Information produced is based on accepted

management or mathematical/statistical models

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

Provides its users with decision oriented information
whenever a decision-making situation arises
Analyses information already captured by TPS and MIS in
order to support unstructured decision making at top
management level
Facts
DSS does not make decisions, it helps some one to
make a decision by providing information
TPS or MIS does not analyze information they
produce

Executive Information System (EIS)

Is a DSS which is especially meant for top level
management and specifically support unstructured
decision making
Also called Executive Support Systems (ESS)
Draws data not only from the organization, able to draw
information from outside sources such as news services
and marketing research databases.

Expert Systems (ES)

Captures knowledge expertise of a problem solver or

decision maker and then simulates thinking of that
expertise for those who have less expertise.

Includes logic and reasoning within there respective fields

Facts
Emerged from the filed of artificial intelligence
(Creating computer systems that simulate human
reasoning and sensation)

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Problem
Definition

Maintenance

Feasibility Study

System Analysis

Implementation

System Design

Testing
Software Development

SDLC cont..

Every system has a life cycle. Be it a computer

or human
SDLC is an organizational process of developing
an information system to solve business
problems and needs
SDLC means combinations of various activities.
These activities are called phases and the SDLC
consists of many phases

Phase 1: Problem Definition

Provides a broad statement of user requirements, which

in other words is what the user expects the systems to
do

Sets the direction for the whole project

Also sets the project bounds, which define what part of

the system can be changed by the project and what
parts remain the same

The resources to be made available to the system are

also specified in this phase

Phase 2 : Feasibility Study

Determines whether a particular project is technically and
economically feasible
Determines the best method to achieve the objectives of
the new information system
Outcome of this phase is a recommendation of a new
system proposal
This proposal is to agreed by the higher management in
consultation with department managers.

Phase 3 : System Analysis

System analysts studies the existing system in detail, leading to
specifications of a new system. This is carried out by gathering facts.
o

Facts gathering techniques

Inspection of written documents

Interviews

Questionnaires

Site Observations

Gathered data must be analyzed and documented in data flow

diagrams, data dictionary, logical data structures.
The system is broken down into smaller sub processors during this
phase.
At the end of the phase the System analyst has to produce a detailed
report on the specifications of the new system.

Phase 4 : System Design

Produces a logical design specification for the new system.
The analyst
schedules design activities
works with user to determine the various data inputs to the system
plan how data will flow through the system
designs required outputs
writes program schedules
During design, the analyst
Draws a model of the new system, using dataflow diagrams and
entity relationship diagrams
Devises formats for all the reports that the system will generate
Develops a method for collecting and inputting data

Phase 4 : System Design (continued)

By the end of this phase the analyst has to contd..
Defines detailed data requirements with a data dictionary
Writes program specifications
Specifies control techniques for the systems outputs, database and
inputs
Identifies and orders any hardware or software that the system will
need

By the end of this phase the analyst has to

prepare complete systems specifications in form of a detailed
report
(this report contains step by step instructions that describes the
proposed system)

Phase 5 : Software Development

Design specifications are converted into source code

of a programming language.

Programmers carry out these tasks.

Software that is to be developed, is divided into many

modules according to the subdivisions in phase 3.
These modules are created independently and then
tested individually. This type of testing is called unit
testing)

Phase 6 : Testing
The system should be fully tested for errors (bugs) before
implementation.
Two types of tests are conducted
Integration testing, After completion of unit tests of all
modules, the modules are to be combined and be tested.
At this stage the test is done on actual data
Acceptance testing, Acceptance criteria is the agreement
made between the user and the system developer. The
acceptance criteria contains a list of important
requirements that the system has to satisfy. The tests
conducted to check the acceptance criteria are called
acceptance testing.

Phase 7 : Implementation
The phase contains two activities
The user training, The users are to be given training for operating a
new information system. Main topics of such type of training are:
o

How to execute the package

How to enter data

How to process data

How to take reports

The conversion, The process of replacing an existing system with a

new system is called conversion. Conversion of the system may
proceeds in four ways.

Direct Implementation
o The entire system is replaced with the new system in
one go.
Parallel Implementation
o Both systems i.e. the new and the old systems are
executed in parallel for a certain defined period of time.
This strategy is helpful because of the following
Results of the old system can be compared with
the results of the new system
Failure of the new system at the early stage, does
not affect working of the organization
Phased implementation
o The new system is introduced in a phased manner
Pilot implementation
o New system installed in parts and executed successfully
for a considerable time period. When the results are
found satisfactory then the other parts are implemented

Phase 8 : Maintenance

Eliminates errors in a system during its life time and to

tune the system to any variations.
It also means the review of the system from time to time.
o The review is done for
Knowing the full capabilities of the system
Knowing the required changes or the additional
requirements
Studying performance
If a major change to a system is needed a new project
may have to be setup.

THANK YOU