Metodologia cercetrii n

psihologie (II)
Curs 1
Gndirea critic n psihologie

O parte din materialele utilizate n aceast prezentare sunt preluate dup Mricu oiu (2013)

Exist o diferen?

joac un rol important n

alegerea consultantului

recomandrile

singurul criteriu al reuitei este

satisfacia clienilor
beneficiul face referire la concepte
abstracte, dificil de msurat i
fluctuante;

joac un rol important n

alegerea consultantului
faima unui consultant este
amplificat de faima clienilor si;

recomandrile

 beneficiul face referire la concepte abstracte, dificil de msurat i

fluctuante;

Ce nseamn s-i mbunteti comunicarea,

viaa profesional i relaiile interpersonale?
Care este punctul de pornire i cel final (dupa
training)? Ct de mare este diferena? Merit
banii?
7

 calitatea este dat de precizia i dedicarea autorului modelului

criteriu de reuit: satisfacia clienilor

Oare putea s studieze la fiecare 2

secunde?

Oare PCM chiar face tot ceea ce ni

se promite?

Ct de de ncredere este aceast

metod?

EconLit, the American Economic Association's electronic database, is the world's foremost
source of references to economic literature. The database contains more than 1.1 million
records from 1886-present. EconLit covers virtually every area related to economics.
ERIC, the Education Resource Information Center, contains more than 1.3 million records and
links to more than 323,000 full-text documents dating back to 1966
The PsycINFO , database, American Psychological Associations (APA) renowned resource for
abstracts of scholarly journal articles, book chapters, books, and dissertations, is the largest
resource devoted to peer-reviewed literature in behavioral science and mental health. It
contains over 3 million records and summaries dating as far back as the 1600s with one of the
highest DOI matching rates in the publishing industry. Journal coverage, which spans from the
1800s to the present, includes international material selected from around 2,500 periodicals in
dozens of languages.

Ce tiu despre metod, n afar de

ceea ce mi spune cel care mi-o
vinde?

Inspec, created by the Institution of Engineering and Technology, is the leading bibliographic
database providing abstracts and indexing to the world's scientific and technical literature.
Containing more than 11 million records, Inspec provides coverage from over 5,000 journals,
more than 2,500 conference proceedings as well as numerous books, dissertations and
9
reports.

Exist totui o diferen?

recomandrile joac un rol important n alegerea

consultantului

faima unui consultant este amplificat de faima clienilor si;

soluia face referire la concepte abstracte, dificil de msurat i

fluctuante;
motivaia angajailor, farmecele, starea de bine psihologic, iubirea
celui ales, inteligena emoional, blestemele etc.

ritualul vindecrii este mai important dect problema n sine;

satisfacia fa de ritual este confundat cu satisfacia fa de rezultat;

Suntem fericii c am avut ocazia s ieim ca echip... deci suntem mulumii

de programul de teambuilding;

Oare... dac doar am fi ieit din contextul organizaiei (fr teambuilding)... nu am fi la

fel de mulumii?

toate serviciile au un cost destul de ridicat

costul ridicat creeaz disonan cognitiv

cine e dispus s recunoasc ineficiena unui proces de consultan/ghicit

DUP ce a pltit 5000 EUR?

Asemnri periculoase

De ce clienii nu pot observa diferena?

Barnum eff., personalitate, manageri

(Stagner, 1948)
(procentul celor ce au evaluat
caracterizarea drept extremelly accurate)

Barnum eff. medical, studenti

(Furnham, 1994)
Feedback-ul
a fi de
(evaluareaoferit
mediepare
a acurateii,
pe o scala
de la 1 Barnum)
la 100 )
calitate
(efectul

Preferi ntr-o oarecare msur schimbarea i

varietatea i devii nemulumit cnd eti forat
ntr-o situaie restrictiv i limitativ (63%).

Ocazional
ai poft vag-pozitive
de o anumit mncare
caracterizri
cu un (66.5)

Ai tendina s fii critic cu tine nsui (46%)

Te consideri independent n gndire i nu
accepi opiniile altora fr dovezi satisfctoare
(49%)

nivel ridicat de validitate

generalizat (Furnham, 2010);
n familia
ta nu
exist defecte
ereditare majore
oamenii
accept
ca valide
(75.6)
caracterizri ce se presupun a
Grsimea
ta corporal
este distribuit perfect
fi rezultate
din nu
evaluri
normalprecise;
(56.8)

Sigurana este unul dintre scopurile tale majore

(40%)

Cteodat te simi obosit fr un motiv aparent

(64.7)

Dei eti disciplinat i stpn pe tine n exterior,

Pofta ta de mncare variaz destul de mult (63.5)

Practica bazat pe dovezi

Medical Journal, 303, 798799.

doar 15% dintre interveniile
medicale sunt susinute de dovezi
tiinifice solide
1992: the Cochrane Collaboration project
(http://www.cochrane.org/)
are ca obiectiv sistematizarea i
centralizarea informaiilor obinute
n domeniul tiinelor medicale
Sackett, D. L., Richardson, W. S.,
Rosenburg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (1997).
Evidence-based medicine: How to
practice and teach EBM. London: Churchill
Livingstone.
Pfeffer, J., & Sutton R.I. (2006). Evidencebased management. Harvard Business
Review, 84, 6274.
2011: Industrial and Organizational
Psychology dedic un ntreg numr
acestei abordri
Briner, R.B., & Rousseau, D.M. (2011).
Evidence-Based I-O Psychology:
Not There Yet. Industrial and
Organizational Psychology, 4, 3-22.

Practica bazat pe dovezi

Evidence-Based

Termen introdus n iunie

2006 de o comisie a APA
(American Psychological
Association)
Practice in Psychology
EBPP Evidence Based
(EBPP)
Practice in Psychology;

S nu tratm ideile vechi ca pe nite nouti

De ex., PCM folosete o tipologie n care sunt definite 6 tipuri:

reactivii, persistenii, workaholics, vistorii, rebelii i promoterii.

S fim suspicioi la ideile i studiile revoluionare,

breakthrough

Orice revoluie tiinific are nevoie de sute de studii care s confirme i

s rafineze rezultatele;

S fim ateni la cunotinele fr proprietar

se tie, cercettorii britanici / japonezi / americani etc.

S cutm i efectele negative, nu doar pe cele pozitive;

S adoptm o atitudine neutr fa de teorii i metode;

soluia diletant este ntotdeauna cea pe care consultantul o
cunoate cel mai bine;

Trainerul va face training-urile pe care le tie, terapeutul va aplica terapia

n care e format etc.

Un pic de gndire critic ...

Metodologia cercetrii = gndire critic

aplicat la generarea i evaluarea
dovezilor tiinifice
Studiul tiinific presupune o modalitate
Metodologie
i arealit
tiinii
valid de nelegere
nelegerea obinut nu este static: selfcorrection

Urmarea metodei tiinifice:

definim domeniul de studiu / problema de interes
... (observare corect = metode)

observm realitatea
... (clasificarea corect = metode)

dezvoltm teorii pe baza observaiilor

... (testarea corect = metode)

Ce face un fapt s fie tiinific

testm riguros pentru a verifica validitatea lor (daca descriu cu

adevarat realitatea)

Pseudoscience describes any belief system or methodology

Pseudowhich
tiina
tries to gain legitimacy by wearing the trappings of science, but fails to
abide by the rigorous methodology and standards of evidence that are
the marks of true science.
The Woo = organized bullshit

pH Woo
Credina n faptul c un numr de afeciune se datoreaz
schimbrii de aciditate din corp >> diet alkalin

Salt Woo
Credina n faptul c diverse tipuri de sare au proprieti curative
(sare Himalaya, sare celtic)

Water Woo
Credina n faptul c apa are proprieti curative,
dac
Exemple
deiWoo
modificm structura (oxigenat, energizat, amprentat
homeopatic etc.)

Poligraf
Hipnoz (cu excepia anumitor forme, utilizate pentru
relaxare, controlul strilor emoionale etc.)
NLP
Frenologie
Brainwashing / mind control
Psihanaliza (i o mare parte din formele ei)
Reclamele subliminale
Energy Woo
Exemple
relevante
pentru
psihologie
Anumite
tipuride
depseudo
terapietiin
(primal
therapy,
conversion
therapy, attachment therapy)
Brain Gym
Multe din teoriile medicinei alternative (e.g. vindecarea
prin cristale etc.)

descriptive vs. experimental

applied vs. fundamental

qualitative vs. quantitative

replication, standardized
procedure
Cteva
gnduri
de final

The trouble with the world is that the

stupid are cocksure and the intelligent are
full of doubt.
(Bertand Russel)

1. Introduction
Psychology and research
Scientific method
Critical thinking

2. Reliability & Validity

(refresh introductory &
advanced)
3. Variability
Samples, groups,
populations
Ce vom
face n acest curs
Probabilities and
randomness

4. Constructs, variables
and definitions
5. Scaling and scores
Agreement, rank
ordering, forcedchoice, ipsative etc.
Standardized/normalized
scores

6. Measurement methods
Observation
Interview
Survey questionnaire
Questionnaires and tests

Criteria of research designs:

answer research question,
control of extraneous
independent variables
(confounding effects),
generalizability
Study designs: cross-sectional,
longitudinal, cross-cultural,
experimental etc.
Experimental: experimental
approach, experimental vs.
non-experimental
Survey research
Exploratory research

8. Measurement examples
Measuring criteria / measuring
predictors: subjective vs.
objective measurement
Measuring abilities (IRT and
applications)
Measuring personality
Measuring mood
Measuring attitudes

9. Research methods in specific

areas
Psychotherapy outcome research
Health psychology
Neuropsychology
Program evaluation
Work and organizational psychology
Clinical forensic psychology

10. Ethics
General guidelines, participant at minimal
risk, informed consent, deception,
debriefing, confidentiality etc.

Kerlinger, F. N., & Bibliografie

Lee, H. B. (2000).
Foundations of Behavioral Research
(4th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
...

Test partial

Test de cunostinte
Test gril, 200 de
ntrebri, 2 ore

Test de gndire critic

aplicat n psihologie
Test gril, 1 or

Examinare

Seminar

Contact

Profesor: Drago Iliescu,

dragos.iliescu@fpse.unibuc.ro
Asistent: Drd. Andrei Zanfirescu,
szanfirescu@yahoo.com

Discutati exemple de Woo

care se aplica in psihologie.
Argumentati ce anume din
maine
ele leSeminarul
face atat de de
credibile.
Argumentati cum anume ar
putea fi probate sau
informate in mod robust.