Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LO
Pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala yang
berdasarkan pada bukti bukti
kesehatan (Evidence Based)
Tentang berbagai tes kesehatan yang
tepat guna sesuai waktu dan
kegunaannya
Task Forces on Prevention and Health
Screening
Natural course of disease and five level
prevention
2
Screening (executive
medical check up)
is performed to categorize
members of the general
public into:
Higher
probability
of disease
Lower
probability
of disease
This group is
urged to seek
further medical
attention for
definitive
diagnosis &
treatment
eed, sometimes,
Communitybased
Studies
Hospitalbased
Studies:
Hospitalized patients tend
VS to have more advanced
illness (easier to detect):
Exaggerate the
prevalence of the
condition
19
20
ommendations:
.
mmendations:
mmendations:
.
mmendations:
.
Recommendations:
Screening with regard to sedentary lifestyle is
recommended (Level 4)
26
27
Health Promotion
Health Promotion is a term that has been applied
to a wide range approaches to improving health of
people, communities and populations
Leading Causes
of Deaths
Mothers &
Unborn
Maternal Deaths:
Postpartum
hemorrhage
Hypertension &
complications
Sepsis
Obstructed labor
Fetal Deaths:
Congenital
cretinism
Spina bifida
Rubella baby
syndrome
Antenatal registration
Tetanus Toxoid immunization
Nutrition (including vitamin A, iron
& folate supplementation)
Treatment of existing conditions of
diseases
Recognition, early detection and
management of complications
before, during & after pregnancy
Clean & safe delivery
Promotion of breastfeeding
Information service for family
planning
STD/HIV prevention & management
Dental care
Various
Stages
of Life
Newborn &
infants
Leading Causes
of Deaths
Pneumonia
Diarrhea
Septicemia
Meningitis
Measles
Respiratory
conditions of
newborn & fetus
Congenital
anomalies
Avitaminosis &
other nutritional
deficiencies
Birth injury
Difficult labor
Various
Stages
of Life
Early
childhood
Leading Causes
of Deaths
Pneumonia
Diarrhea
Measles
Meningitis
Combination of
above with
underlying
malnutrition
Various
Stages
of Life
Middle
childhood
Leading Causes
of Deaths
Pneumonia
Accidents
Diarrhea
Measles
Various
Stages
of Life
Leading Causes
of Deaths
Adolescent &
Youth
Management of illness
Counseling on substance abuse,
sexuality & reproductive tract
infections
Nutrition & diet counseling
Mental health
Family planning & responsible
sexual behavior
Various
Stages
of Life
Adults
Leading Causes
of Deaths
Cardiovascular
diseases
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Malignant
neoplasm
Chronic
obstructive lung
diseases
Concepts of Prevention
The objective of preventive medicine
is to intercept or oppose the cause
and thereby the disease process.
Levels of Prevention:
1. Primary prevention
2. Secondary prevention
3. Tertiary prevention
Pencegahan
PRIMARY PREVENTION
Ths is the measure undertaken in the period of
prepathogenesis (i.e.before the development of the
disease) which removes the possibility of occurence
of the diseases,for which removes the possibility of
occurrence of the disease.
Secondary Prevention
Actions which halts the progress of a
disease at its incipient stage and
prevents complications.
Intervention in early pathogenesis phase.Early
diagnosis and adequate treatment.
Tertiary Prevention
All measures available to reduce or
limit impairments and disabilities,
minimize suffering caused by
existing departures from good health
and to promote the patients
adjustment to irremediable
conditions.
Intervention in late pathogenesis
phases to prevent sequelae and limit
disability.
Modes of Intervention
Any attempt to intervene or interrupt
the usual sequence in the
development of disease.
Modes of intervention:Health promotion
Specific protection
Early diagnosis and treatment
Disability limitation
Rehabilitation
PRIMARY PREVENTION
Health Promotion
This consist of General measures, which will strengthen the
individual/host and prevents the occurrence of the disease by
interrupting the interaction among the three factors of epidemiological
triad.
The various measures of health promotion are:
Health education (on personal hygiene, oral hygiene, nutrition
education, life-style, etc.).
Sex education.
Adequate nutrition.
Improvement in the environmental sanitation (such as control of
insects, provision of protected water supply, sanitary disposal of
sewage, etc.).
Promotion of breast feeding and proper weaning.
Family planning and spacing of births.
Genetic counseling (premarital and marriage counseling)
Efficient ante-natal care and post natal care.
Recreation facilities (sports, games, cultural activities, etc.).
Improvement in the literacy level.
Specific Protection
This consist of specific measure,which prevent specific diseases.
The various measures are:
Immunization against vaccine preventable diseases,
Silver nitrate or Penicillin eye drops against ophthalmia
neonatorum,
Condom against AIDS
Use of specific nutrients (Vit. A against nutritional blindness, IFA
against nutritional anemia, Iodised salt against Iodine
Deficiency Disorders),
Helmet against head-injury,
Masks against pneumoconiosis,
Ear plugs against noise induced deatness,
Lead apron against radiation hazards,
Visor against welding keratitis,
Barrier cream against occupational skin cancer,
Avoidance of allergens and carcinogens,
Sterilization procedures of surgical instruments,
Pasteurization of milk,
Traffic signals against road accidents,
Specific Protection
Immunization e.g. Vaccine
preventable diseases.
Specific nutrient e.g. Iron.
Protection against injuries (seat belt)
Chemoprophylaxis e.g. against
Malaria.
Control of consumer product quality
and safety of foods, drugs, cosmetics
etc.
Secondary prevention
Early diagnosis and Treatment
The detection of disturbances of
homoeostatic and compensatory
mechanism while biochemical,
morphological and functional
changes are still reversible.
Important in reducing high morbidity
and mortality.
Secondary prevention
This helps in the following ways:
Helps in recovery from the disease (restoration)
Reduces the duration of illness in the individual,
Minimizes the suffering,
Prevents the development of complications,
Prevents further spread of the diseases in the
community,
Prevents or postpones the deaath of the
individual.
Tertier prevention
Disease
Impairment
Disability
Handicap
Accident
Loss of foot
Inability to
waalk
Loss of job
Vit A deficiency
Corneal xerosis
Blurring of
vision
Blindness and
loss of job
Leprosy
Involvement of
nerves
Tertier prevention
Rehabilitation
The combined and coordinated use of medical,
social, educational and vocational measures
for training and retraining the individual to
the highest possible level of functional
ability.
Medical rehabilitation
Vocational rehabilitation
Social rehabilitation
Psychological rehabilitation
Functions of a doctor:
The care of the individual
The care of community Community
diagnosis & Community treatment
As a teacher
Ringkasan pencegahan
Ringkasan pencegahan
Terima ka
sih
Dr. Titiek Hidayati M.
Kes
Terima kasih