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Extensions (CIDR)
Chapter 10
Introduction
Five extensions of the IP address scheme,
designed to conserve network prefixes
Transparent routers
Proxy ARP
Subnet Addressing
Anonymous Point-To-Point Networks
Classless Addressing
Relevant Facts
In the original IP addressing scheme:
Each network is assigned a unique network address
Each host on that network has the network address as a
prefix of the hosts address
Relevant Facts
Remember original IP addresses
Class A: 8 bit network id, 24 bit host id
Class B: 16 bit network id, 16 bit host id
Class C: 24 bit network id, 8 bit host id
Transparent Routers
A router is used to make it look as though
several hosts are connected to a WAN
It is transparent because other routers and
hosts on the WAN do not know that it exists
The router is connected to hosts in a local
area network on one side (as a multiplexer),
and to a single host port of the WAN on the
other
H1
Wide Area
Network
H2
T
H3
H4
Transparent Routers
The local area network does not have its own
IP prefix
The router demultiplexes datagrams that
arrive from the WAN and sends them to the
host using a table of addresses
The router also accepts datagrams from the
hosts and sends them across the WAN to the
destinations
Transparent Routers
Advantages
requires fewer network addresses since the LAN does
not need a separate IP prefix
supports load balancing
Disadvantages
works with networks with a large number of host
addresses
good for class A, not good for class C
Proxy ARP
Applies to networks that use ARP to bind
internet addresses to physical addresses
Allows one network address to be shared by
two physical networks
A router which runs proxy ARP answers ARP
requests on each network for hosts on the
other network
Also called: ARP hack and promiscuous ARP
Main Network
H1
H2
H3
Router running proxy ARP
R
H4
Hidden Network
H5
Proxy ARP
When H1 needs to talk to H4, it uses ARP
R captures the ARP request from H1 and
responds with Rs physical address
H1 sends datagrams destined for H4 to R
R looks in its routing table to route the
datagram on to H4 on the hidden network
Proxy ARP
Advantage
It can be added to a single router without
changing the routing tables in other hosts or
routers on this network
Disadvantages
Only works on networks that use ARP
Spoofing: one machine claims to be another
Subnet Addressing
Most widely used technique of the 3
Standardized, required part of IP addressing
A single site has a single class B address
assigned to it, but has 2 or more networks
Only local routers know that there are
multiple networks at this site
Network 128.10.1.0
128.10.1.1
128.10.1.2
H1
Rest of the
Internet
H2
all traffic to
128.10.0.0
H4
H3
128.10.2.1
Network 128.10.2.0
128.10.2.2
Subnet Addressing
The address 128.10.0.0 is used for both
networks at the site
Routers in the internet send to either
network as though it was a single network
Only R knows that there are two networks
and looks at the third octet to route
The two networks are called subnets
Subnet Addressing
Instead of dividing the 32-bit IP address into
(netid, hostid), we use (net portion, local portion)
The interpretation of the local portion of the
address is left to the site
The net or internet portion identifies a site
The local portion identifies a physical network
and a host
Subnet Addressing
Conceptual 32-bit address in original addressing
with conceptual subnet addressing
Hierarchical addressing and hierarchical routing
Internet part
Internet part
Local part
Physical
Network
Host
R5
Network 5
Network 3
R3
Disadvantage:
Possible address ambiguity
Questions
How does this modify the routing algorithm?
How are subnet masks assigned?
How do we broadcast to subnets?
128.10.0.0
128.211.0.0
R1
1
leased line
R2
128.10.2.250
To reach hosts
on network
128.10.0.0
default
128.211.0.100
Route To
Using Interface #
Deliver Direct
128.211.0.100
Routing Table in R1
1
2
Classless Addressing
Allows addresses assigned to a single
organization to span multiple classes
Why adopted?
The classful scheme did not divide network addresses
into classes equally (<17K class B networks, >2M class
C networks)
Class C addresses were assigned slowly
Class B addresses would be exhausted (Running out of
address space ROADS)
Classless Addressing
(Supernetting)
Consider a medium-sized organization that
joins the Internet
A class B address is preferred over a class C
But the organization may be given a block of 256
contiguous class C addresses
This would also be a useful way to have Internet
Service Providers (ISPs) provide IP addresses to an
organization
The ISP allocates addresses from the set to subscribers
127.92.61.25
127.92.61.26
127.92.61.27
127.92.61.28
CIDR
What has just been described is Classless
Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
The name does not indicate that it also involves
addressing
It is not restricted to Class C addresses
It does not really use an integer, but requires
that the number of blocks is a power of two,
and this power is identified using a bit mask
CIDR
Example:
An organization is assigned a block of 2048
contiguous addresses, beginning at
128.211.168.0
lowest: 128.211.168.0
10000000 11010011 10100000 00000000
highest: 128.211.175.255
10000000 11010011 10101111 11111111
CIDR
CIDR requires 2 things:
The lowest address in the block
A 32-bit mask which shows where the division
between prefix and suffix occurs
11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000
CIDR Notation
A shorthand way of representing the address
and the mask length is also called slash
notation
The block of addresses is indicated by the
first address followed by a decimal
indicating the bit position 21
128.211.168.0/21
See figure 10.11 for CIDR prefixes
CIDR Example
Work problem in Section 10.21
Summary
Techniques have been invented to conserve IP
addresses:
Extend the address space of a single network to include
hosts on an attached local network
A router answers ARP requests for hosts
Share one IP network address among several networks
Let a point-to-point connection be unnumbered
Allow division between prefix and suffix to occur
anywhere