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motors - PMSM
Synchronous Machine
The stator is similar in construction that of a induction motor.
The rotor can be Salient or Non-Salient (cylindrical rotor).
Field excitation is provided on the rotor by either permanent or
electromagnets with number of poles equal to the poles of the RMF
caused by stator.
Non-excited rotors are also possible as in case of reluctance
motors.
The rotor gets locked to the RMF and rotates unlike induction
motor at synchronous speed under all load condition.
Synchronous Motor
The synchronous motor rotates at the synchronous
speed i.e. the speed of the RMF.
Stator is similar in construction to that of an
induction motor, so same principle is applied to the
synchronous motor rotor.
Field excitation is provided on the rotor by either
permanent or electromagnets with number of poles
equal to the poles of the RMF caused by stator.
(b) SPSM
Synchronous Motors
Therefore, at this instant the rotor experiences a
counterclockwise torque tending to make it rotate in the
direction opposite to that of the stator poles.
The net torque on the rotor in one revolution will be
zero, and therefore the motor will not develop any
starting torque.
The stator field is rotating so fast that the rotor poles
cannot catch up or lock onto it. The motor will not
speed up but will vibrate.
Because it not self-started, two methods are normally
used to start a synchronous motor:
Use a variable-frequency supply
Start the machine as an induction motor.
Synchronous Motor-Principle
The rotor acting as a bar magnet will turn to line up with the rotating
magnet field. The rotor gets locked to the RMF and rotates unlike
induction motor at synchronous speed under all load condition.
Electrical Frequency
Electrical frequency produced is locked or synchronized to the
mechanical speed of rotation of a synchronous generator,
fe
where,
nm P
120
fe = electrical frequency in Hz
P = number of poles
nm= mechanical speed of the rotor, in r/min
Voltage Regulation
A convenient way to compare the voltage behaviour of two generators is
by their voltage regulation (VR). The VR of a synchronous generator at a
given load, power factor, and at rated speed is defined as
VR
Vnl V fl
V fl
100%
Where Vfl is the full-load terminal voltage, and Vnl (equal to Ef) is the
no-load terminal voltage (internal voltage) at rated speed when the load is
removed without changing the field current. For lagging power factor
(PF), VR is fairly positive, for unity PF, VR is small positive and for
leading PF, VR is negative.
and are
Xs synchronous reactance
E Excitation EMF
Then
Rotor field must move at the same speed as stator speed to produce the
steady state torque.
and
normal 50 or 60 Hz
Shortcoming: how to provide a variable electrical
By using a frequency converter, a synchronous motor can be brought from standstill to its
desired speed.
This will make the stator field rotate slowly so that the rotor poles can follow the stator poles.
Afterwards, the frequency is gradually increased and the motor brought to its desired speed.
This method is expensive since the frequency converter is a costly power conditioning unit.
The rotor is then closely following the stator field poles, which are rotating at
the synchronous speed.
Now if the rotor poles are excited by a field current from a dc source, the
rotor poles will be locked to them.
separate
controlled
mode,
the
stator
supply
magnet
motorsspinning,
or
fiber
textile
paper mills.
Freq command f* applied to VSI through a delay ckt. So that rotor
speed is able to track or sense the changes in the frequency.
The flux controller changes this stator voltage with freq to maintain
a constant flux below rated speed (( (v/f))
&
Self controlled mode- if it gets its operating freq from the inverter
whose thyristors are fixed from a rotor position sensing unit. This
unit measures the rotor position with respect to stator reference
and sends pulses to the thyristors.