ANTIBIOTIC

Antibiotics
Antibiotics, also called antibacterial , are a type
of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and
prevention of bacterial infections . They may
either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A
limited number of antibiotics also possess
antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not
effective against viruses such as the common
cold or influenza, and their inappropriate use
allows the emergence of resistant organisms. In
1928, Alexander Fleming identified penicillin, the
first chemical compound with antibiotic
properties. Fleming was working on a culture of
disease-causing bacteria when he noticed the
spores of a little green mold (Penicillium

HISTORY
The search for chemicals that would
adversely affect invading bacteria but not
the host began in the nineteenth century.
Before the early 20th century, treatments
for infections were based primarily on
medicinal folklore. Mixtures with
antimicrobial properties that were used in
treatments of infections were described
over 2000 years ago. Many ancient
cultures, including the ancient Egyptians
and ancient Greeks, used specially
selected mold and plant materials and

Paul Ehrlich, a German bacteriologist, conceived this

idea. He investigated arsenic based structures in order
to produce less toxic substances for the treatment of
syphillis.
His laboratory discovered arsphenamine (Salvarsan),
the first effective medicinal treatment for syphilis. He
also got noble prize for Medicine in 1908 for this
discovery.

Arsphenamine
Although salvarsan is toxic to human beings , its effect
on the bacteria , spirochete , which causes syphillis.

Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk (30 October

1895 24 April 1964) was a German
pathologist and bacteriologist. He is credited
with the discovery of Sulfonamidochrysoidine
(KI-730) the first commercially available
antibiotic (marketed under the brand name
Prontosil) for which he received the 1939
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Soon it was discovered that in the body protosil

is converted to a compound called
Sulphanilamide , which is the real active
compound. Then the sulpha drugs were
discovered.

Sulphanilamide

Sulphapyridine

In 1929 he discovered the antibiotic penicillin

of the anti bacterial properties of a penicillium
fungus.

(2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-(2phenylacetamido)-4-thia-1-

Chloramphenicol
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic useful for the
treatment of a number of bacterial infections.This
includes meningitis, plague, cholera, and typhoid fever.
Its use is only recommended when safer antibiotics
cannot be used. Monitoring both blood levels of the
medication and blood cell levels every two days is
recommended during treatment.It is available
intravenously, by mouth, and as an eye ointment.
Common side effects include bone marrow
suppression, nausea, and diarrhea. The bone marrow
suppression may result in death. To reduce the risk of
side effects treatment duration should be as short as
possible. People with liver or kidney problems may
need lower doses. In young children a condition known

Chloramphenic
ol

Ofloxacin

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