A TYPICAL LNG LIQUEFACTION TRAIN

What is LNG ?
Quality parameter

LNG Value

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Iso-Butane
Normal-Butane
Pentane and heavier
Inerts
Carbon Dioxide
Hydrogen Sulphide
Mercury

88.00 - 96.00 mol %

max 5.0 mol %
max 4.0 mol %
max 1.0 mol %
max 1.5 mol %
max 0.1 mol %
max 0.2 mol %
max 0.1 mol %
max 5.0 mg/m3
max 10 nanogram/m3

Gross heating value

39.90 - 42.70MJ/m3

Typical Composition of Feed Gas

Methane C1
89.26 mol %
Ethane C2
4.63 mol %
Propane C3
2.65 mol %
Carbon Dioxide CO21.50 mol %
iso butane
normal butane
Condensate C5+

0.495 mol %
0.786 mol %
0.681 mol %

Average molecular weight of feed gas: 18. 77 g/mol

Max allowable water content feed gas: 150 ppm.

Natural Gas from Suppliers

Natural Gas from Suppliers
Gas Inlet Facilities
Gas Inlet Facilities

Receives gas from suppliers

Receives gas from suppliers
Gas & Liquids (C5 +) are
Gas & Liquids (C5 +) are
separated.
separated.
Facilities installed for
Facilities installed for
pigging of transmission lines
pigging of transmission lines
from suppliers
from suppliers

Pressure Control
Pressure Control
Station
Station

Ensures plant has stable

Ensures plant has stable
supply pressure. Gas supply
supply pressure. Gas supply
70-90b(g) reduced to 54b(g)
70-90b(g) reduced to 54b(g)
& resultant condensate is
& resultant condensate is
removed
removed

Acid Gas Removal

Acid Gas Removal

Removes acid gasses

Removes acid gasses
CO2 & H2S by absorption
CO2 & H2S by absorption
using circulating amine
using circulating amine
solution to prevent corrosion
solution to prevent corrosion
& freezing at low
& freezing at low
temperatures
temperatures

LPG Storage
LPG Storage
& Loading
& Loading

Fractionation
Fractionation
(Liquid Handling Unit)
(Liquid Handling Unit)

Receives LPG from all trains,

Receives LPG from all trains,
separates Propane & Butane
separates Propane & Butane
for storage & export
for storage & export

Condensate
Condensate
Storage &
Storage &
Loading
Loading

Dehydration
Dehydration

Drying of gas using

Drying of gas using
molecular sieve beds to
molecular sieve beds to
adsorb water to prevent ice
adsorb water to prevent ice
& hydrate formation at
& hydrate formation at
low temperatures
low temperatures

LNG Production

Fractionation
Fractionation

Uses series of distillation

Uses series of distillation
columns to separate LPG
columns to separate LPG
into fractions to be used for
into fractions to be used for
make up propane & mixed
make up propane & mixed
refrigerants or re-injection
refrigerants or re-injection
into LNG
into LNG
C5 routed to storage
C5 routed to storage

Liquefaction
Liquefaction

Gas is precooled to -17oCo

Gas is precooled to -17 C
C5, aromatics & some
C5, aromatics & some
LPG is routed to the
LPG is routed to the
fractionation section
fractionation section

Mercury Removal
Mercury Removal

Activated carbon bed used

Activated carbon bed used
to remove trace quantities
to remove trace quantities
of mercury to prevent attack
of mercury to prevent attack
on aluminium tubing found in
on aluminium tubing found in
the Main Cryogenic
the Main Cryogenic
Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchanger

LNG Storage
LNG Storage
& Loading
& Loading

The sweet natural gas

The sweet natural gas
(C1,C2,C3 & C4 ) is now
(C1,C2,C3 & C4 ) is now
liquefied in 2 stages liquefied in 2 stages Initial cooling with propane
Initial cooling
with propane
to -38oCo followed by
to -38 C followed by
further cooling against
further cooling against
mixed refrigerant in the
mixed refrigeranto in the
MCHE to -161 Co
MCHE to -161 C
The mixed refrigerant
The mixed refrigerant
comprises of
comprises of
Nitrogen, Methane,
Nitrogen, Methane,
Ethane & Propane
Ethane & Propane

LNG
LNGStorage
Storage&&Loading
Loading
3

LNG stored in three 84,000m full

containment above ground
LNG stored in three 84,000m 3 full containment above ground
cryogenic storage tanks.
cryogenic storage tanks.
Each tank is fitted with 3 loading pumps capable of a combined
Each tank is fitted with 3 loading pumps capable of a combined
loading rate of 10,000m3/hr
through 2 loading arms, a third arm is
loading rate of 10,000m3/hr through 2 loading arms, a third arm is
provided for vapour return during loading. The returned vapour is
provided for vapour return during loading. The returned vapour is
compressed and routed to the plant fuel gas system.
compressed and routed to the plant fuel gas system.

Storage
&
Loading

LNG Carriers are of both membrane and spherical tank type and
LNG Carriers are of both membrane and spherical tank type and
have a capacity of 122,000 - 132,000m 3 3
have a capacity of 122,000 - 132,000m

LPG
LPGStorage
Storage&&Loading
Loading
LNG
LNGProduction
Production
Trains
Trains

Propane and butane are stored separately in two refrigerated tanks

Propane and butane are stored separately in two refrigerated tanks
each with a capacity of 65,000m 3 .3 Propane being stored at -45 oCo and
each with a capacity of 65,000m . Propane being stored at -45 C and
Butane at -5oC.
Butane at -5oC.
Each tank is provided with three pumps designed to load refrigerated
Each tank is provided with three pumps designed to load refrigerated
LPG ships a a rate of 3000m 3 /hr.
LPG ships a a rate of 3000m 3 /hr.
Chilling of the Propane & Butane as well as re-liquefaction of tank
Chilling of the Propane & Butane as well as re-liquefaction of tank
boil off is done in a propane refrigeration unit.
boil off is done in a propane refrigeration unit.

Condensate
CondensateStorage
Storage&&Loading
Loading
3

Condensate is stored in two 36,000m floating

roof tanks.
Condensate is stored in two 36,000m 3 floating roof tanks.
Five loading pumps (+ 1 spare) rated at 800m 3 provide
the ability to
Five loading pumps (+ 1 spare) rated at 800m 3 provide the ability to
load a typical 60,000m cargo in approximately 16 hours through two
load a typical 60,000m cargo in approximately 16 hours through two
loading arms.
loading arms.

Utility Support
Instrument Air
Instrument Air
Compressed air used for
Compressed air used for
instrumentation
instrumentation

Inert Gas Production

Inert Gas Production
Produces N2 for purging
Produces N2 for purging
of plant & equipment
of plant & equipment

Heat Transfer Fluid

Heat Transfer Fluid
Hot Oil used as the heat
Hot Oil used as the heat
transfer medium for the LNG
transfer medium for the LNG
trains and process heaters
trains and process heaters

Fire & Gas Protection

Fire & Gas Protection
Fire fighting & gas
Fire fighting & gas
detection equipment
detection equipment
Power Generation
Power Generation
Generation of electrical
Generation of electrical
power for use on IA & RA
power for use on IA & RA

Fuel Gas Make Up

Fuel Gas Make Up
Fuel gas for furnaces
Fuel gas for furnaces
& fuel for furnaces
& fuel for furnaces

Feed gas Supply

Feed gas Supply

LNG
LNGTrains
Trains

Raw Water Treatment

Raw Water Treatment
Removes Iron & CO2
Removes Iron & CO2

Well Water
Well Water
Wells supply raw water
Wells supply raw water
for use in IA & RA
for use in IA & RA

Demineralised Water
Demineralised Water
De-mineralised water
De-mineralised water
for process use
for process use

Cooling Water
Cooling Water
Cooling water used for
Cooling water used for
condensing, cooling
condensing, cooling
propane & general cooling
propane & general cooling

Potable Water
Potable Water
Re-mineralised water
Re-mineralised water
for drinking
for drinking

Flare
Flare
Systems
Systems

LNG PRODUCTION TRAIN

Gas
Gas Inlet
Inlet
Press
Press Control
Control

Acid
Acid Gas
Gas
Removal
Removal

Mercury
Mercury
Removal
Removal

Dehydration
Dehydration

LNG
LNG Storage
Storage
&
& Loading
Loading

Liquefaction
Liquefaction

LNG
LHU
LHU
HP
HP&&LP
LP
Fuel
FuelGas
Gas
HTF
HTF
Fractionation
Fractionation

Condensate
Condensate Storage
Storage
&
& Loading
Loading
CONDENSATE
Refrigerant
Refrigerant
Storage
Storage

Fuel
FuelGas
Gas
Make
Makeup
up

Cooling
CoolingWater
Water
LPG
LPG Storage
Storage
&
& Loading
Loading

Effluent
Effluent
Systems
Systems

Power
Power
Generation
Generation

Instrument
Instrument
Tool
ToolAir
Air

Inert
InertGas
Gas

LPG

Fire
FireWater
Water
Potable
Potable&&
Process
ProcessWater
Water

Water
Water Wells
Wells

Condensate
Condensate
Stabilisation
Stabilisation

Utilities
Utilities

OFF SITES