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1_114Q07- 1 -
Transformers
Protection
Protections
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
Differential protection
Overcurrent protection
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
Differential protection
Overcurrent protection
EXTERNAL
External Short
Circuits
Overloads
Overvoltages
INTERNAL
Short circuits
between turns
between windings
Ground faults
Overtemperature
Overpressure
Miss of oil
INTERNAL
ELECTRICAL
BUCHHOLZ (SPR)
SURGE ARRESTERS
THERMOMETER
OVERCURRENT RELAYS
THERMOSTAT
PHASE
THERMAL IMAGE
NEUTRAL
OIL LEVEL
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
PRESSURE RELIEF
VALVE
THERMAL RELAY
TANK RELAY
BUCHHOLZ-TAP
CHANGER
FUSES
Magnetizing inrush
When a transformer is first energized, a transient magnetizing or
exciting inrush current may flow. This inrush current, which appears as
an internal fault to the differentially connected relays, may reach
instantaneous peaks of 8 to 30 times those for full load.
Resistance in the power system from the source to the transformer bank
Type of iron used in the transformer core and its saturation density
Initial inrush
When the excitation of a transformer bank is removed, the magnetizing
current goes to O.
The flux, following the hysteresis loop, then falls to some residual value
R. If the transformer were reenergized at the instant the voltage
waveform corresponds to the residual magnetic density within the core,
there would be a smooth continuation of the previous operation with no
magnetic transient.
Initial inrush
Initial inrush
Curve t is a displaced
sinusoid, regardless of the
magnetic circuit's saturation
characteristics.
Initial inrush
For the first few cycles, the inrush current decays rapidly. Then,
however, the current subsides very slowly, sometimes taking many
seconds if the resistance is low.
The time constant of the circuit (L/R) is not, in fact, a constant: L varies
as a result of transformer saturation. During the first few cycles,
saturation is high and L is low. As the losses damp the circuit, the
saturation drops and L increases. According to a 1951 AIEE report, time
constants for inrush vary from 10 cycles for small units to as much as 1
min for large units.
Initial inrush
The resistance from the source to the bank determines the damping of
the current wave.
At remote substations, the inrush will not be nearly so severe, since the
resistance in the connecting line will quickly damp the current.
Initial inrush
When there is more than one delta winding on a transformer bank, the
inrush will he influenced by the coupling between the different voltage
windings. Depending on the core construction, three-phase transformer
units may be subject to interphase coupling that could also affect the
inrush current.
Initial inrush
The maximum inrush for a transformer bank can be calculated from the
excitation curve if available, and Table shows a typical calculation of an
inrush current (used phase A voltage as 0 reference).
Closing
angle
Ib
Ic
Ia-Ib
Ib-Ic
Ic-Ia
1.40
5.60 -3.73
-3.73
8.33
-3.73 -8.33
1.40
30
5.96
5.10
1.15
6.53 -4.67
1.15
30
-9.20
6.03 -11.06
Initial inrush
The lower the value of the saturation density flux S, the higher the inrush
peak value.
Closing
angle
Ib
Ic
Ia-Ib
Ib-Ic
Ic-Ia
1.40
5.60 -3.73
-3.73
8.33
-3.73 -8.33
1.40
30
5.96
5.10
1.15
6.53 -4.67
1.15
30
-9.20
6.03 -11.06
Sympathetic inrush
When a bank is paralleled with a second energized bank, the energized
bank can experience a sympathetic inrush.
The offset inrush current of the bank being energized will find a parallel
path in the energized bank.
Again, the sympathetic inrush will always be less than the initial inrush.
Sympathetic inrush
The total current at breaker C is the sum of the initial inrush of bank A
and the sympathetic inrush of bank B.
Since this waveform looks like an offset fault current, it could cause
misoperation if a common set of harmonic restraint differential relays
were used for both banks.
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
Differential protection
Overcurrent protection
If they are not equal it means that a fault occurs between the two ends
87
With internal fault Id > 0 Trip
With external fault Id = 0 No trip
For units with ratio-changing taps, mismatch can also occur on the taps.
Current transformer performance is different, particularly at high
currents.
30 phase-angle
connections.
shift
introduced
by
transformer
wye-delta
Id
To prevent miss-operation
percentage characteristics
are used, with line current
restraint.
Operating zone
(I1 + I2)/2
Under normal load or in external fault, the currents in the two restraint
windings flow in the same direction.
These restraining currents are equal (or effectively equal) if autobalance taps are used to compensate from mismatch in current
transformer ratios - and if no significant current flows in the operating
coil winding.
Since the rectified restraint outputs are connected in parallel, the relay
restraint is proportional to the maximum restraining current in any
restraint circuit.
The minimum pickup is the current that will just close the differential
unit contacts, with the operating coil and one restraint coil energized.
The circuit is designed to hold open its contacts when the secondharmonic component is higher than 15% of the fundamental.
This setting will override the inrush peaks and maximum false
differential current on external faults.
The more complex and more expensive harmonic relays are used at
generating stations and for large transformer units located close to
generating sources, where a severe inrush is highly likely.
When there are more than two windings, all combinations must be
considered, two at a time.
When there are more than two winding, all combinations must he
considered, two at a time, and based on the sane kVA capacity.
Only ground one point in the differential scheme, never do multiplepoint grounding.
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
Differential protection
Overcurrent protection
The sudden-pressure relay (SPR), which operates on a rate of rise of gas in the
transformer, can be applied to any trans-former with a sealed air or gas
chamber above the oil level.
The relay is fastened to the tank or manhole cover, above the oil level. It will not
operate on static pressure or pressure changes resulting from normal operation
of the transformer.
The SPR relay is far more sensitive to light internal faults than the differential
relay. The differential relay, however, is still required for faults in the bushing and
other areas outside the tank.
The SPR relay operating time varies from 1/2 cycle to 37 cycles, depending on
the size of the fault.
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
Differential protection
Overcurrent protection
50/51
t
Curva trafo
t0
In
n*In
These units may be set at 125% of the maximum through fault, which is
usually a low-side three-phase fault.
Also, these tertiary windings may carry very heavy currents during
ground faults. In such cases, tertiary overcurrent protection must be
provided.
This results from the cumulative nature of some of the mechanical effects,
particularly insulation compression, insulation wear, and friction-induced
displacement.
The transformer can be isolated from the fault before damage occurs
by using fuses or overcurrent relays.
50/51N
50/51G
2-3 50/51
The directional distance relays are connected to operate when the fault
current flows toward the protected transformer.
They are set to reach into, but not beyond, the transformer.
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
Differential protection
Overcurrent protection
This is a low cost protection against some of the internal faults of the
transformer, which consists of an overcurrent relay which measures
the current flow through the ground connection of the transformer
tank.
64
AGENDA
PRINCIPLES
LINES PROTECTION
TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
Differential protection
Overcurrent protection