Wellcome to my presentation

My presentation tropic is
special data for GIS

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based tool

for mapping and analyzing existent things and events that happen
on earth. GIS technology integrates common spatial database
operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique
visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps.

Spatial data :
Spatial data refers to all types of data objects or
elements that are present in a geographical space or horizon. It
enables the global finding and locating of individuals or devices
anywhere in the world. Spatial data is also known as geospatial
data, spatial information or geographic information.

 Spatial Elements
4 Types of Phenomena
Points

Points occur at one location in space.

Examples include houses, trees etc.

Lines

Occupy a single dimension.

Examples include: roads, boundaries, and networks

Area

2-dimensional objects
Length and width can be measured
Surfaces, which include two types:
Discrete, has a definite boundary ex: towns
Continuous, has a changing boundary ex: meandering river

Volume

3-dimensional.
Examples include the volume of water in a lake, air masses.

GIS Attempts to Describe All Features in Geometric

Terms.
Points: surveyed locations, new construction,
community resource
Lines: roads, transit routes
Areas: parcel maps, zip codes, census tracts

Data Types

GIS Links Spatial Data with Attribute Data for a Feature on a Map

There are Two Ways to Acquire Spatial Data to Put

Into a GIS

1. You purchase, or are given an existing data set

2. You go out and collect the data yourself

Major GIS Data Sources

Maps
Drawings (sketch or engineering)
Aerial (or other) Photographs
Satellite Imagery/Digital Ortho Photography
CAD data bases

Existing Data

Purchase satellite images/ aerial photography already processed

Find public domain sources of images. Or share costs with data partners.

Data Collection

Compile data directly from air-photos.

Digitize from existing paper maps
Scan from existing maps

LAYER-BASED APPROACH

There are many approaches to represent geographic information

in GIS, such as layer-based approach and feature-based approach
etc. In the layer-based approach, the spatial data are represented
in a set of thematic maps, named layer, which denote some given
themes such as road, building, subway, contour, border, and so
on. As an example, a map that is composed of layers is shown in
Figure 1.

Figure 1. A Sample of Map Composed of Several

Thematic Layers

The layer-based approach has the following advantages:

1) Easy query processing and spatial analysis

The superposition (overlap)
of spatial objects is a problem to process in spatial database. The
management such as point query processing, region query processing and
spatial information analysis processing of overlapped data in spatial objects
is difficult to handle because of the too many candidates of spatial object.
This problem can be avoid effectively by using the layer-based approach
because in general, there is no superposition (overlap) of spatial object in a
thematic map of real world.

Efficient management of data divided-transmission

When a map is represented in computer devices such as screen,
considering display effect in user point of view, it is unnecessary to display
all of the details of map. Here the display-scale control is used in the layers
of map, and just the necessary layers are displayed.

 CONCLUSION :
In order to solve the drawback of layerbased approach in spatial data representation of GIS, this
paper has proposed a new scale-based approach for it. The
map in scale-based approach is organized in a series of
scale-view that includes a series of block and spatial objects
depending on the corresponding resolutions (scales). Digital
representation of spatial object is not limit to one approach
or one structure. Geographic information is always so
complex that a higher-order abstraction is required for
modeling the reality. Henceforth he congregation of layerbased approach and scale-based approach may be a
direction of research about the representation of
geographic information. g the reality.

 REFERENCE :

S. Abiteboul 1987, and R. Hill, "IFO: A formal semantic database

model", ACM Transactions on Database Systems, Vol.12, No.4,
pp.525-565, 1987
S. Aronoff 1991, "Geographic Information Systems", WDL
Publications, 1991.
T. Brinkhoff 1993, H. Horn, H.P. Kriegel, R. Schneider, "A Storage and
Access Architecture for Efficient Query Processing in Spatial
Database Systems", Proc. 3rd Symp. on Large Spatial Databases,
Singapore, 1993.
N.R. Chrisman 1987, "Fundamental Principles of Geographic
Information Systems", Proceedings of 8th Int. Symp. On Computer
Assisted Cartography, Auto-Cart 8, pp.32-41, Baltimore, Maryland,
USA, Mar. 29-April 3, 1987.