Answering Questions

The responsibilities of the

Persuasive speaker:
1. Tosaysomethingworthhearing(sound
information).
2. Tosaysomethingthatcanbeheard(clear
organization).
3. Tosaysomethingthatwillbeheard(audience
engagement).

4. Toansweralltheaudience's
reasonabledoubts&objections.
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The 3 Big Questions your

audience is always going to
ask.
What'stheproblem?Whydoweneedto
change?
What'stheplan?Whatexactlydowe
needtodo?
Isitpractical?Willtheplansolvethe
problem?Whatothercosts&benefits
doesithave?
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The 3 Basic Answers you can

give in reply.
1. Logos

2. Ethos

3. Pathos
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Toanswertheirquestions,youraudiencecanrely...
...onthereasons.
LOGOS

...onyou.
ETHOS

...ontheirfeelings.
PATHOS
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Ethos
Which hat
will you
wear?

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Are appeals to emotion

(pathos) ethical?
Studiesofbraindamaged
patientsshowthatpeople
withoutemotionshavesevere
deficienciesinsocialand
practicaldecisionmaking.
Dr.AntonioDamasio
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SchoolA

Lowercost
Moreactivesociallife
Bettercareercounseling
Betterstudyabroad
Betterforeignlanguages
Nicercampus
Outstandingresearchfaculty
Excellentalumninetwork
Moreprestigious
Bigger
Morediverse
Morevolunteerism
Betterathleticfacilities

SchoolB

Closertohome
Betterfinancialaid
Betterextracurricularactivities
Goodmajor
Friendsgoingthere
Outstandingteachingfaculty
Recommendedbyteachers
Smaller
Earlyadmission
Nicerdorms
Highergraduationrates
Betterfootballteam
Fewerrequiredcourses

Whichonefeelsright?!

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Basic methods for

establishing logos, ethos, &
pathos.

Typeofappeal

Typeofevidence

Logos(reasoning)
Ethos(credibility)
Pathos(emotion)

Statistics
Experttestimony
Examples
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10

For example...
Inmyspeech,todemonstrateone
Problemwithdriving,Iused:
Example
Statistics

USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency
Expert

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11

Summary of all methods.

Logos

Ethos

Pathos

Statistics
Specific
instances
Principle
Causal
Analogical

Experttestimony
Personal
competence
Commonground
Deliverwith
conviction

Examples
Emotional
language
Deliverwith
conviction

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12

The
Persuasion
analysis
Let's try it out
questions.

13.Identifytwodistinctmethodsthespeaker
usesinthebodyofthespeechtoenhance
his/hercredibilityappeals(ethos).
14.Identifytwodistinctmethodsofreasoning
thespeakerusesinthebodyofthespeechto
enhancehis/herlogicalappeals(logos).
15.Identifytwodistinctmethodsthespeaker
usesinthebodyofthespeechtoenhance
his/heremotionalappeals(pathos).
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[18.AsfortheInformativeSpeech.]

9.Whatspecificclaim(s)doesthespeakermakeontheProblem(Need)Issue?Howdoesthespeakersupporthis/herclaim(s)?
10.Whatspecificactionsisthespeakercallingforinhis/herclaimsonthePlanIssue?Howdoesthespeakersupporthis/her
claimthatthePlanwillsolvetheProblem?
11.Whatspecificclaim(s)doesthespeakermakeonthePracticalityIssue?Howdoesthespeakersupporthis/herclaim(s)?
IdentifyoneobjectiontoPracticalitythattheaudienceislikelytomake,whichthespeakerhasnotdealtwithinthe
speech.
12.WhatistheleastcredibleSourcecitedbythespeaker?Whyisn'titcredible?

13.Identifytwodistinctmethodsthespeakerusesinthebodyofthespeechtoenhancehis/hercredibilityappeals(ethos).

14.Identifytwodistinctmethodsofreasoningthespeakerusesinthebodyofthespeechtoenhancehis/herlogicalappeals
(logos).
15.Identifytwodistinctmethodsthespeakerusesinthebodyofthespeechtoenhancehis/heremotionalappeals(pathos).
16.Identifyandevaluateoneuseofexperttestimonyinthespeech.
17.Identifyandevaluateoneuseofstatisticsinthespeech.
18.

Identifyandevaluateoneuseofanexampleinthespeech.

19.Whatistheonepositivecommentaboutthespeechthatthisspeakermostneedstohearnow?(Notincludingdelivery.)

20.Whatistheonenegativecommentaboutthespeechthatthisspeakermostneedstohearnow?(Notincludingdelivery.)

13

How to answer exam

questions.
"13.Identifytwodistinct
Usecourseconcept!
(twoofthese)

Ethos
Experttestimony
Personal
competence
Commonground
Deliverwith
conviction

methodsthespeakerusesin
thebodyofthespeechto
enhancehis/hercredibility
appeals(ethos)."

Refertoaspecificpassage!
Explainitsrelevance!
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Rule of thumb for creating

your policy persuasive
speech.

14

Ingeneral,foreveryclaimyoumakeaboutProblem,
Plan,orPracticalityyoushoulduseatleast
onesetofstatistics
onepieceofexperttestimony
onevividexample
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15

Continue to develop your

appeals by imagining your
audience's questions and
answering
them in advance.
"AntonioDamasiosaysemotionisgood!"
Sowhat?Whoishe,anyhow?
"Dr.AntonioDamasio,DirectoroftheBrain&
Ethos
CreativityInstituteattheUniversityofSouthern
California,authorofthreebooksandnumerousarticles
ontheneurologyofemotions,haspointedoutthat...."
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16

Continuing to answer the

audience's questions...
Ethos:Experttestimony

Logos:Statistics

Pathos:Example

Sowhat?Whoisthat,
anyhow?
Sowhat?Howmuchis
that,really?
Whathappened?Fillme
inonthedetails!
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Threes
Threequestions
1. What'stheproblem?

Threeanswers

2. What'syourplan?

1. Logos
2. Ethos
3. Pathos

3. Isitpractical?

1. Statistics
2. Experts
3. Examples
Threeforms
ofsupport
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18

Midterm reminders
Requiredoutsidespeechobservation
Bonuspossibilities
Opportunitiestodevelopcourseskillsoutsidethe
classroomsetting
SeeWebCT"Regular&BonusAssignments"fora
completelist
MostduenolaterthanFriday,25April(endof14th
week)
Note:Classroomplusbonuspointscappedat230(110%).

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19

Coming up
Wednesday:Labpracticewhatyou'velearned.
Friday:Lecture:Furtherexamprep;the
presidentialcampaign
BREAK!
Mondayafterbreak:Researchingthe
PersuasiveSpeechassignmentdue(WebCT)
Wednesdayafterbreak:Test#2.

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