Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Structured Design
Data Flow based methodology
Begins with system specification that identifies
i/p s and o/p
Functional aspects of the system
After DFD the next step is define the modules and
modularization / decomposition
top-down design
Advantages
Critical interfaces are tested first
Early versions are useful enough to reassemble the
real system
Provides control & improves the morale
Procedural characteristics define the order that
determine the processing
software that is
Modular
Top-down
Basic elements
Process
Decision
Iteration
Shown on a single sheet of paper
Used to combine function diagram and DFD
Identify the functions contained in the process
Show the flow of data and flow of control during
processing
Functional Decomposition
Graphical tool for representing hierarchy
structure chart
Module is represented by a rectangle with a name
Contiguous set of statements
Connection
Represented by a vector linking 2 modules
One module has called another
A
Couple
Arrow with a circular tail
Represents data items moved from one module to
another
A
O
Q
P
Update
customer file
Cust
master
file
Valid
master
file
Get valid
customer file
Get new
transaction
Read
transactio
n
Read
transactio
n
Transactio
n
Transaction
Valid
Transaction
Valid
master
file
Validate
transaction
Transactio
n
Edit data
Udates
Cust
master
file
Update
customer file
Transaction
OK
Verify data
Functional Decomposition
Evaluation of the program modules
Modules connection to other modules coupling
Intramodule strength cohesion
Module coupling refers to
No. of connections between a calling and a called
module
Complexity of these connections
Must be at least one connection between module
and calling module
Read
form
tape
Get cust
file
Edit
trans
reco
rd
Process
file
Verif
y
reco
rd
Validat
e trans
Objectives
HIPO
output
Document each element using HIPO diagram notation
and associated tree structure
Identify sub processes and their respective inputs and
outputs
Continue decomposition until the processes cannot be
decomposed any further
Components HIPO
HIPO Work sheet
HIPO template
Visual Table of Contents
Hierarchy chart (like organization chart)
Legend how symbols are used
Contents Brief description of each module
Functional Diagram
Each diagram shows
Detail diagram
extended description ,
amplifies the process steps and
references the code associated with each process step
PROBLE
M
INPUT
MODULE
MODULE
PROCESSE
S
MODULE
MODULE
OUTPUT
MODULE
MODULE
Visual Table of
Contents : Hierarchy
Chart modules
increasing in details
top, down left to right
Sales/Inventor
y 1.0
Inventory
processing
overview 3.0
Sales rec,
validation ,
sales report
2.0
Verify
inventory
level 3.1
Validate
sales
rec 2.1
Generat
e sales
report
2.2
Check
customer
credit 2.3
Generate
dispatch
order 3.2
Generate
inventory
rep 3.4
Custome
r billing
3.3
Compute
Pay 1.0
Compute
gross pay
2.0
Compute
Net pay 3.0
Sum hours
worked 2.1
Determine
Pay rate 2.2
Compute &
record gross
Pay 2.3
Compute
Deductions
3.1
Verify emp
no. 2.2.1
Verify type
of work
2.2.2
Look up pay
rate 2.2.3
Check fot OT
etc. add to
pay 2.2.4
Write Check
for net Pay
3.2
Control Flow
Data Movement
Each function
IPO
Chartin a
PROCESS
Validate sales &
generate sorter
trans file
OUTPUT
Back up
Invalid
orders
Generate
summarized sales
report
Special
Processing/rej
ected orders
Verify customer
credit & complete
payment terms
Transaction
File
Sales report
OUTPUT
INPUT
Old master
file
Payroll
record
PROCESS
Verify emp no
before reading rec
Verify type of
work
Load file and look
for pay rate
Error
messages
Confirm
update
Special
Processing
Rate Tab
Check OT and
check
Transaction
File
Advantages of HIPO
communication
Less duplication on information & more information
can be obtained
Top-down approach with successive levels going for
grater
Errors can detected and isolated on a functional basis
Indicates clearly what input, processing and outputs
are involved in each programming module
Designs program that can be individually assigned,
designed and tested
Management tool for planning, scheduling
Disadvantages
Concentrates more on what is to be done rather
than how
Requires extra documentation beyond flowcharts
or coding
Necessitates some training before use
Basic Elements
Show the processes and sequences in which they
are performed
Each process is define in a hierarchical manner
Consists a set of sub processes that define it
Process is shown in a bracket to show each level
of the system
Critical factors like repetition and alteration are
shown very well
Alternatives can be represented using the +
symbol
data requirements
Data elements are listed out for each process of
component
A data structure for each of the elements is
documented
Calculate Gross
Pay
Payroll
Program
Calculate
Deductions
PF
Insurance
Tax
W- O Diagram
Income Tax
Professional
Tax
Advantages
Simple in appearance and easy to understand
Powerful design tool
Shows groupings of processes and data that must
passed from level to level
Sequence of working backwards ensures system is
result oriented
Useful for both data and process definition
Used for each independently or combined
Structured Walkthrough
Activity of all phases of a structured project
Interchange of ideas among peers who review a
product
Agree on the validity of a proposed solution to a
problem
In design walkthrough
as possible