Engg Mechanics Non Coplanar Force System

FS - 1
FORCES IN
SPACE
(Noncoplanar System of
Forces)
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Forces in space
FS - 2
A Force in space: A Force is said to be in space if its line of

action makes an angle , and with respect to
rectangular co-ordinate axes X, Y and Z respectively as
shown the Fig. 1.
F Fig. 1. A Force in space

Forces in space
FS - 3
Noncoplanar system of forces (Forces in

Space) and Their Classifications
System of forces which do not lie in a single plane is called
noncoplanar system of forces(Forces in space ). A typical
noncoplanar system of forces (forces in space) is shown
in the Fig. 2. below
Fig. 2 Forces in space (noncoplanar system of forces)

FS - 4
Forces in space
Noncoplanar system of forces(Forces in space)
can be broadly classified into three categories.
They are
1. Concurrent noncoplanar system of forces
2. Nonconcurrent noncoplanar system of
forces
3. Noncoplanar parallel system of forces
FS - 5
Forces in space
1. Concurrent noncoplanar system of forces:
Forces which meet at a point with their lines
of action do not lie in a plane are called
Concurrent noncoplanar system of forces. A
typical system of Concurrent noncoplanar
system of forces is shown in the Fig.3.
Fig. 3. Concurrent noncoplanar system of forces

FS - 6
Forces in space
2. Nonconcurrent noncoplanar system of forces:
Forces which do not meet at a point and their
lines of action do not lie in a plane, such forces
are called Nonconcurrent noncoplanar system of
forces. A typical system of nonconcurrent
noncoplanar system of forces is shown in the
Fig.4.
Fig. 4. Nonconcurrent noncoplanar system of forces

Forces in space
3.
FS - 7
Noncoplanar parallel system of forces: If lines of

action of all the forces in a system are parallel
and they do not lie in a plane such a system is
called Non-coplanar parallel system of forces. If
all the forces are pointing in one direction then
they are called Like parallel forces otherwise
they are called unlike parallel forces as shown in
the Fig.5.
Fig. 5 Noncoplanar parallel system of forces

Forces in space
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Rectangular components of a force in space
Fig. 6. Resolving a force in space into rectangular components

Forces in space
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IntheFig.6(a)aforceFisactingattheoriginOofthesystem
ofrectangularcoordinateaxesX,Y,Z.ConsiderOBACplane
passingthroughtheforceF.Thisplanemakesanangle with
respect to XOY plane.ForceFmakesanangleywith
respecttoY-axis.
Fig.6(a)
Forces in space
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Fig.6(b)
IntheFig.6(b),theforceFisresolvedinthevertical(Y-axis)and
horizontaldirection(Xaxis)as
Fy=FCosy and
Fh = F Siny respectively.
Forces in space
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Fig.6(c)
IntheFig6(c)thehorizontalcomponentFhisagainresolvedintheXand
Zaxesdirections.Thesecomponentsare
Fx=Fhcos = F siny cos
Fz=Fh| Sin
F sin
y sin
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Forces in space
FS - 12
NowapplyingPythagoreantheoremtothetrianglesOAB
andOCD
F2=(OA)2=OB2+BA2=Fy2+Fh2----------------(1)
Fh2=OC2=OD2+DC2=Fx2+Fz2----------------(2)
Substitutingequation(2)intotheequation(1),weget
F2=Fx2 +Fy2 +Fz2
F= Fx2+Fy2+Fz2----------------(3)
Forces in space
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The relationship existing between the force F and its three components Fx,
Fy, Fz is more easily visualized if a box having Fx, Fy, Fz for edges is drawn
as shown below. The force F is then represented by the original OA of this
box.
Fig. 7 Relationship between Force F and its components Fx, Fy and Fz
Forces in space
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From the above Figure (Fig. 7)

Fx = F Cos x, Fy = F Cosy, Fz = F Cosz ------------(4)
Wherex,y,zaretheanglesformedbytheforceFwithX,Y,Zaxesrespectively.
Fx,Fy,FzaretherectangularcomponentsoftheforceFinthedirectionsofX, Y, Z
axesrespectively.
Cosx=Fx/F;Cosy=Fy/F;Cosz=Fz/F
Substitutingequation(4)intotheequation(3),weget
F= Fx2+Fy2+Fz2
F= F2Cos2x + F2Cos2y + F2Cos2z

F2=F2(Cos2x + Cos2y +Cos2z )
1 = Cos2 x + Cos2 y + Cos2 z

-------------(5)
Forces in space
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Force Defined by its magnitude and two points on its line of action
FromtheadjacentFig.8.
dx=dCosx,dy=dCosy,
dz=dCosz
----(6)
d= dx2+dy2+dz2
---(7)
Dividingmemberby
membertherelations(4)
and(6),weobtain
Fx/dx=Fy/dy=Fz/dz=F/d
Fig 8
----------------------------(8)
Forces in space
FS - 16
Resultant of concurrent forces in Space:ResolvealltheforcesintotheirrectangularcomponentsinX,YandZaxes

directions.Addingalgebraicallyallthehorizontalcomponentsinthexdirection
gives
Rx= Fx,
Similarly adding algebraically all the components in y and z directions yield the
following relations
Ry = Fy,
Rz= Fz
Thusmagnitudeofresultant
R= Rx2+Ry2+Rz2
Anglesx,y, z resultant forms

of coordinates
are obtained by
Rx with theRaxes
Rz
y
Cos x ; Cos y
; Cos z
Forces in space
FS - 17
Problems:
(1)AtowerguywireisanchoredbymeansofaboltatAisshowninthefollowing
Figure.Thetensioninthe wireis6000N.Determine
(a)ThecomponentsFx,Fy,Fzoftheforcesactingonthebolt.
(b)Theanglesx, y, z defining the direction of the force.
Forces in space
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Solution:(a)Heredx=50m,dy=200m,dz=-100m
TotaldistanceAtoB
d= dx2+dy2+dz2
= (50)2+(200)2+(-100)2
=229.13m
Usingtheequation(8) Fx/dx=Fy/dy=Fz/dz=F/d
Fx = dx .(F/d)=(50x6000)/229.13=1309.3N
Fy=dy.(F/d)=(200x6000)/229.13=5237.20N
Fz=dz.(F/d)=(-100x6000)/229.13=-2618.6N
Forces in space
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(b)Directionsoftheforce:
Cosx = dx /d ,x = Cos1(50/229.13)=77.4
y = Cos1(dy/d)=Cos1(200/229.13)=29.2
z = Cos1(dz/d)=Cos1(-100/229.13)=115.88
Forces in space
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Problem(2)Determine(a)thex,yandzcomponentsofthe250N
forceactingasshownbelow
(b)the angles x, y, z that the force forms with the coordinate
axes.
Forces in space
FS - 21
Fh=250Cos60=125N Fy=250Sin60=216.5N
Fx=125Cos25=113.29N
Fz=125Sin25=-52.83N
x = Cos1(Fx/F)=Cos1(113.29/250)=63
y = Cos1(Fy/F)=Cos1(216.5/250)=30
z = Cos1(Fz/F)=Cos1(-52.83/250)=102.11o
Components of 250 N in the x, y, z axes directions are
Fx=113.29N
Fy=216.5N Fz=-52.83N
Forces in space
FS - 22
Problem3.Findtheresultantofthesystemofforcesasshown
below
Forces in space
Solution
Components of Force F1 = 3000 N:
Fy1=3000xCos40 =2298.13N
Fh1=3000xSin40o=1928.36N
o
Fx1=1928.36xCos30 =1670N
o
Fz =1928.36xSin30 =964.18N
FS - 23
Forces in space
Components of Force F2 = 2000 N:
Fy2=2000xCos20=1879.39N
Fh2=2000xSin20=684.04N
Fx2=684.04xSin35=392.35N
Fz2=684.04xCos35= 560.33N
FS - 24
Forces in space
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Rx=Fx=Fx1+Fx2=1670392.35=1277.65
Ry=Fy=Fy1+Fy2=2298.13+1879.39=4177.52N
Rz=Fz=Fz1+Fz2=964.18+560.33=1524.51N
ResultantR=Rx2+Ry2+Rz2
=1277.652+4177.522+1524.512
=4626.9N
Itsinclinationswithrespecttox,yandzaxesare
calculatedas
x=Cos1(1277.65/4626.9)=7358'13.1"
y=Cos1(4177.52/4626.9)=2527'
z=Cos1(1526.51/4626.9)=70o4536
Forces in space
FS - 26
Problem4.IntheFigshownbelow,theforcesinthecablesABandAC
are100kNand150kNrespectively.AtthejointAloadingisas
shownintheFig.Findtheresultantofsystemofforcesinspaceandits
inclinationwithrectangularcoordinatesx,yandzaxes.
Forces in space
FS - 27
Solution:ForceinthecableAB=100kN
ForceinthecableAC=150kN
For the cable AB

dx=-20m
dy=15m
dz=5m
dAB= dx2+dy2+dz2
= (-20)2+(15)2+(5)2= 650=25.5m
For the cable AC
dx=-20m
dy=25m
dz=-10m
2
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d =(-20)2+(25)
+(-10)
=1125=33.54m
Forces in space
ForthecableAB(1)
Fx1/dx1=Fy1/dy1=Fz1/dz1=F/d
Fx1/-20=Fy1/15=Fz1/5=100/25.5
Fx1=-78.41kN
Fy1=58.82kN
Fz1=19.61kN
FortheCableAC(2)
Fx2/-20=Fy2/25=Fz2/-10=150/33.54
Fx2=-89.45kN
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Fy
=111.81kN
2
FS - 28
Forces in space
Component of force 60 kN
Fx3=60xCos(70) = 20.52 kN
Fy3=60xCos(30o)=51.96kN
Fz3=60xCos(11123)= - 21.88 kN
Component of the force 50KN

Fx4=50kN
Fy4=0
Fz4=0
FS - 29
Forces in space
FS - 30
Algebraic summation of Rectangular Components in X, Y and Z

axes directions yield:
Rx=Fx=Fx1+Fx2+Fx3+Fx4
=-78.43-89.45+20.52+50
=-97.36kN
Ry=Fy=Fy1+Fy2+Fy3+Fy4
=58.82+111.81+51.96+0
=222.59kN
Rz=Fz=Fz1+Fz2+Fz3+Fz4
=19.6144.7221.88+0
=-46.99kN
=(-97.36)2+(222.59)2+(-46.99)2
Forces in space
FS - 31
Inclinations of the resultant with X,Y and Z axes:

x = Cos-1(Rx/R)=Cos-1(-97.36/247.45)=113 10
y = Cos-1(Ry/R)=Cos-1(222.59/247.45)=25 54
z = Cos-1(Rz/R)=Cos-1(-46.99/247.45)=100 56 47
Check:
Cos2x+Cos2y+Cos2z=1
Cos2(11310) + Cos2(2554) + Cos2(10056) = 1
1 = 1
HenceOK
Forces in space
FS - 32
Problem5.a)ForcesF1,F2,andF3passthroughtheoriginand
pointswhosecoordinatesaregiven.Determinethe
resultantofthesystemofforces.
F1=20kN,(3,-2,1)
F2=35kN,(-2,4,0)
F3=25kN,(1,2,-3)
Forces in space
Solution:
FS - 33
Forces in space
Force F1 = 20 kN
d= 32+(-2)2+12= 14=3.74
Cosx1 = dx / d=3/3.74=0.802
Cosy1 = -2/3.74 = -0.535; Cosz1 = 1/3.74 = 0.267
Force F2 = 35 kN
d= (-2)2+42+0=20=4.47
Cosx2 = -2/4.47 = -0.45
Cosy2 = 4/4.47 = 0.9; Cosz2 = 0
Force F3 = 25 kN
d= (1)2+22+(-3)2=14=3.74
Cosx3 = 1/3.74 = 0.267
Cosy3 = 2/3.74 = 0.535; Cosz3 = -3/3.74 = -0.802
FS - 34
Forces in space
FS - 35
SummationoftherectangularcomponentsinX,YandZaxesdirections
yield:
Rx=Fx=20x0.802+35x(-0.45)+25x0.267=6.965kN
Ry=Fy=20x(-0.535)+35x0.9+25x0.535=34.175kN
Rz=Fz=20x0.267+35x0+25x(-0.802)=-14.71kN
=6.9652+34.1752+(-14.71)2
=37.85kN
InclinationoftheresultantRwithrespecttoX,YandZaxesare
calculatedas
x=Cos1(Rx/R)=Cos-1(6.965/37.85)=79.4
y=Cos1(Ry/R)=Cos-1(34.175/37.85)=25.46
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=Cos
(R /R)=Cos
(-14.71/37.85)=112.87
Forces in space
FS - 36
Equilibrium of Concurrent non-coplanar system of forces:

Whenarigidbodysubjectedtoconcurrentnoncoplanarsystemofforces
F1,F2...FNasshownintheFig.givenbelow,isinequilibrium,then
algebraicsummationofallthecomponentsoftheforcesinthree
mutuallyperpendiculardirectionsmustbeequaltozero.
i.e.
Fx=0
Fy=0
Fz=0(1)
Aboveequationsrepresentthestatic
conditionsofequilibriumforconcurrent
noncoplanar system of forces
Fig.Arigidbodysubjectedtoconcurrent
noncoplanarsystemofforces
Forces in
space
FS - 37
Problem(1)FindtheforcesintherodsAB,ACandAOsubjectedto
loadingasshownbelow
Forces in space
Solution:
For the cable AB:

dx1=0-4=-4
dy1=8-0=8
dz1=150=15
d1= (-4)2+(8)2+(15)2=17.46m
Fx1/-4=Fy1/8=Fz1/15=FAB/17.46
Fx1=-0.23FAB,
Fy1=0.46FAB,
F
=0.86F
FS - 38
Forces in space
For the Cable AC:
dx2=0-4=-4m
dy2=8-0=8m
dz2=-200=-20m
d2= (-4)2+(8)2+(-20)2=480=21.91m
Fx2/-4=Fy2/8=Fz2/-20=FAC/21.91
Fx2=-0.18FAC,Fy2=0.365FAc,Fz2=-0.91FAc
For the Force 120 N:

Fx3=120N,Fy3=0,Fz3=0
For the force Fx4 = 300 N:

Fx4=0,Fy4=-300N,Fz4=0
FS - 39
Forces in space
Conditions of Equilibrium
Fx=0,Fy=0,Fz=0
ConsideringFx=0
Fx 1+Fx2+Fx3+Fx4+Fx5=0
-FAD-0.23F0.18FAC+120+0=0
FAD+0.23FAB+0.183FAC=120----------------------(1)
Fy=0
0.46FAB+0.365FAC+0+0300=0
0.46FAB+0.365FAC=300------------------------------(2)
Fz = 0
0.86 FAB 0.91 FAC + 0 = 0
-----------------------(3)
FS - 40
Forces in space
FS - 41
Solving Equations (1), (2) and (3), we get,

FAB = 372.675 N; FAC = 352.25 N ; FAO = - 30.18 N
Force in the rod AB , FAB = 372.675 N (Tensile)
Force in the rod AC, FAC = 352.25 N (Tensile)
Force in the rod AO, FAO = 30.18 N (Compressive)
Forces in space
FS - 42
2)ThreecablesareconnectedatDandsupport,the400
kNloadasshownintheFiggivenbelow.Determinethe
tensionsineachcable
Forces in space
FS - 43
LetFDA,FDBandFDCaretheforcesinthecablesAD,BD,and
CDrespectively.
For Cable DA:
dx1=(03)=-3m
dy1=(6-4)=2m
dz1=(60=6m
dAD=dx2+dy2+dz2
dAD=(-3)2+(2)2+(6)2=9+4+36=7m
Fx1/dx1=Fy1/dy1=Fz1/dz1=FDA/dDA
Fx1/(-3)=Fy1/2=Fz1/6=FDA/7
Forces in space
For Cable DB:
dx2=(03)=-3m
dy2=(6-4)=2m
dz2=(-60=-6m
dBD=d2=(-3)2+(2)2+(-6)2= 49 =7m
Fx2/dx2=Fy2/dy2=Fz2/dz2=FDB/dDB
Fx2/(-3)=Fy2/2=Fz2/-6=FDB/7
Fx2=-0.43FDB,
Fy2=0.286FDB,
Fz =-0.857F
FS - 44
Forces in space
For Cable DC:
dx3(03)=-3m
dy3=(0-4)=-4m
dz3=(00=0m
dDC=d3= (-3)2+(-4)+(0)2
= 9 + 16
=5m
Fx3/dx3=Fy3/dy3=Fz3/dz3=FDC/dDC
Fx3/(-3)=Fy3/-4=Fz3/0=FDC/5
Fx3=-0.6FDC,
Fy =-0.8F ,
FS - 45
Forces in space
For the force 400KN
dx4=12m
dy4=-4m
dz4=3m
d4=d400= (12)2+(4)+(3)2
=144 +16 + 9
=69=13m
Fx4/dx4=Fy4/dy4=Fz4/dz4=F400/d4
Fx4/(12)=Fy4/-4=Fz4/3=400/13
Fx4=369.23kN,
Fy4=-123.08kN,
FS - 46
Forces in space
FS - 47
ForEquilibrium,thealgebraicsummationofresolved
componentinaparticulardirectionisequaltozero.
i.e.Fx=0-------------(1)
Fy=0-------------(2)
Fz=0--------------(3)
(1)Fx=Fx1+Fx2+Fx3+Fx4=0
+0.43FDA+0.43FDB+0.6FDC=369.23---------(1)
+0.286FDA+0.286FDB0.8FDC=123.08------(2)
+0.857FDA-0.857FDB+0=92.31------------(3)
Forces in space
Solvingequations(1),(2)and(3),weget
FDB=304.1kN
FDA=411.8kN
FDC=102kN
FS - 48
Forces in space
FS - 49
Practice Questions
1.
A tower guy wire is anchored by means of a bolt at A as

shown below. The tension in the wire is 2500 N.
Determine (a) the components Fx, Fy and Fz of the force
acting on the bolt, (b) the angles x, y, z defining the
direction of the force
(Ans: Fx= -1060 N , Fy = 2120 N, Fz= + 795 N

x = 115.1 o ; y= 32.0 o ; z= 71.5 o )
FS - 50
Forces in space
2.
Practice
Determine
(a) x, Questions
y and z the components of the force
500 N in the below Figure. (b) the angles x, y, z that
the force forms with the coordinate axes
(Ans: Fx= + 278 N , Fy = + 383 N, Fz= + 160.7 N

x = 56.2 o ; y= 40.0 o ; z= 71.3 o )
FS - 51
Forces in space
3.
InPractice
order to move Questions
a wrecked truck, two cables are attached
at A and pulled by winches B and C as shown. Knowing
that the tension in the cable AB is 10 kN, determine the
components of the force exerted by the cable AB on the
truck
(Ans: Fx= -6.30 kN , Fy = 6.06 kN, Fz= + 4.85

kN)| QUESTION PAPERS
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FS - 52
Forces in space
4.
A 200
kg cylinder is Questions
hung by means of two cables AB and AC,
Practice
which are attached to the top of a vertical wall. A horizontal force
P perpendicular to the wall holds the cylinder in the position
shown. Determine the magnitude of the force P and the tension in
each cable
(Ans: P = 235 N , TAB = 1401 N, TAC= + 1236

N)
FS - 53
Forces in space
5.
Three
cables are Questions
connected at A, where the forces P and
Practice
Q are applied as shown. Determine the tension in each
cable when P = 0 and Q = 7.28 kN
(Ans: TAB= 2.88 kN , TAC = 5.76 kN, TAD= 3.6

kN)
FS - 54
Forces in space
6.
Practice Questions
A container of weight w = 400 N is supported by cables

AB and AC which are tied to ring A. Knowing that Q = 0,
determine (a) the magnitude of the force P which must be
applied to the ring to maintain the container in the
position shown in figure below, (b) the corresponding the
values of the tension in cables AB and AC
(Ans: P = 138 N ,
TAB = 270N,
TAC = 196N )
FS - 55
Forces in space
Practice Questions
7. A container supported by three cables as shown below.

Determine the
weight of the container, knowing that
the tension in the cable AB is 4 kN
Ans: 9.32 kN
FS - 56
Forces in space
Practice Questions
8. Determine the resultant of the two forces shown below.
(Ans: R = 498 N ,
x = 68.9 o ; y= 26.3 o ; z= 75.1 o )
FS - 57
Forces in space
Practice Questions
9. A container of weight W = 1165 N is supported by three

cables as shown below. Determine the tension in each
cable.
Ans: TAB = 500 N

TAC = 459 N
TAD = 516 N

Engg Mechanics Non Coplanar Force System

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FS - 1

A Force in space: A Force is said to be in space if its line of

F Fig. 1. A Force in space

Noncoplanar system of forces (Forces in

Fig. 2 Forces in space (noncoplanar system of forces)

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Fig. 3. Concurrent noncoplanar system of forces

Fig. 4. Nonconcurrent noncoplanar system of forces

Noncoplanar parallel system of forces: If lines of

Fig. 5 Noncoplanar parallel system of forces

Rectangular components of a force in space

Fig. 6. Resolving a force in space into rectangular components

Rectangular components of a force in space

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Rectangular components of a force in space

Rectangular components of a force in space

F2=Fx2 +Fy2 +Fz2

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Fig. 7 Relationship between Force F and its components Fx, Fy and Fz

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From the above Figure (Fig. 7)

F= F2Cos2x + F2Cos2y + F2Cos2z

1 = Cos2 x + Cos2 y + Cos2 z

Resultant of concurrent forces in Space:ResolvealltheforcesintotheirrectangularcomponentsinX,YandZaxes

Anglesx,y, z resultant forms

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Components of 250 N in the x, y, z axes directions are

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Components of Force F1 = 3000 N:

Components of Force F2 = 2000 N:

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For the cable AB

Component of the force 50KN

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Algebraic summation of Rectangular Components in X, Y and Z

Inclinations of the resultant with X,Y and Z axes:

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Equilibrium of Concurrent non-coplanar system of forces:

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For the cable AB:

For the Force 120 N:

For the force Fx4 = 300 N:

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Solving Equations (1), (2) and (3), we get,

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For Cable DA:

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www.bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS

A tower guy wire is anchored by means of a bolt at A as

(Ans: Fx= -1060 N , Fy = 2120 N, Fz= + 795 N

(Ans: Fx= + 278 N , Fy = + 383 N, Fz= + 160.7 N

(Ans: Fx= -6.30 kN , Fy = 6.06 kN, Fz= + 4.85

(Ans: P = 235 N , TAB = 1401 N, TAC= + 1236

(Ans: TAB= 2.88 kN , TAC = 5.76 kN, TAD= 3.6