PROGRAMABLE LOGIC

CONTOLLER (PLC)
Lecture - 1

UNDERSTANDING OF PLC
(Example
)
Machine can be controlled by PLC without human efforts

What is a PLC?
The Basic Block
CPU

Inputs

Outputs

A PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER is a solid state

control system that continuously monitors the status of devices
connected as inputs. Based upon a user written program, stored
in memory, it controls the status of devices connected as
outputs.

2.1.1 Define PLC

What is Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

?
Definition: National Electrical Manufacturers Association
US (NEMA)

A PLC is a digital operating electronic apparatus

which uses a programmable memory for internal
storage of instruction for implementing specific
function such as logic, sequencing, timing,
counting and arithmetic to control through analog
or digital input/output modules various types of
machines or process.

Definition of PLC
A PLC is a computer designed to work in an industrial
environment.

Historical Background:

In 1968, a group of engineers from General

Motors developed the concept of PLC with
an initial specification. The PLC must be:
i. Easy to program.
ii. Not need rewiring the control system if
change the program.
iii. Smaller in size, cheaper and high
reliability.
iv. simple construction and low maintenance
v. Cost- competitive

PLC Components

PLC Components

3.1.1

FUNCTION OF EACH BLOCK:

c. Input/ Output (I/O) Unit

Input Unit:
Function as a medium that connects the
external input devices to the CPU.

Output Unit:
Function as a medium that connects the
external output devices to the CPU.

INPUT DEVICES:
Push Button

Limit Switch

Thumbwheel
SW

Level SW

Flow SW

OUTPUT DEVICES:

Motor
Solenoid
LED Display
Heater Coil
Lamp

Limit Switch

Relay

Arelayis anelectricallyoperatedswitch. Many

relays use anelectromagnetto mechanically
operate a switch, but other operating principles
are also used, such assolid-state relays. Relays
are used where it is necessary to control a circuit
by a low-power signal (with complete electrical
isolation between control and controlled circuits),
or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal.

Relay Function
The relay consists of two circuits.
Circuit 1is a simple electromagent , which
requires only asmallcurrent.
Circuit 2may have alarge currentflowing
through it to operate a powerful motor or
orvery brightlights.

Relay Function

Electromagnetic Relay

Solid State Relay

Advantages of Relay

The complete electrical isolation improves

safety

One relay can control several circuits.

Control or controlled supply can be different.

Rung

Rung is a simple line on which instruction

are placed and logics are created.

PLC PROGRAMMING
Ladder logic is a programming language used to develop software for
PLC used in industrial control applications.
RUNGES

RAIL

RAIL

Ladder Diagram
Ladder Diagram is kind of graphical programming language that
changed the relay control wiring circuit diagram.

RSLogix window

ELEMENTS OF LADDER LOGIC

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED

(CONTACT)

(CONTACT)

COILS

PROGRAMMING

Normally Open
(NO)

Normally Closed
(NC)

Power flows through these contacts when they are closed. The
normally open (NO) is true when the input or output status bit
controlling the contact is 1. The normally closed (NC) is true
when the input or output status bit controlling the contact is 0.

Coils

Coils represent relays that are energized when power flows to

them. When a coil is energized it causes a corresponding
output to turn on by changing the state of the status bit controlling
the output to 1. That same output status bit maybe used to control
normally open or normally closed contact anywhere in the program.

AND OPERATION
A

Rung

Each rung or network on a ladder program represents

a logic operation. In the rung above, both inputs A and B
must be true (1) in order for the output C to be true (1).

OR OPERATION
A

Rung
B

In the rung above, it can be seen that either input A or B

is be true (1), or both are true, then the output C is true (1).

NOT OPERATION
A

Rung

In the rung above, it can be seen that if input A is be true (1),

then the output C is true (0) or when A is (0), output C is 1.

Normally open Contact

XIC [Examine if C losed]
This instruction (normally opened) functions as an input or storage bit.
If the corresponding memory bit is a "1" (on), this instruction w ill allow rung continuity and outputs will be energized.
If the corresponding memory bit is a "0" (off), this instruction w ill not allow rung continuity

Normally Close Contact

XIO [Examine if Open]
This instructio n (normally closed) functions a s an input or sto rage bit.
If the corre sponding memory bit is a "1" (on) this instruction will no t allow rung continuity and outputs on its rung will be de-energiz ed.
If the corresponding memory bit is a "0" (off), this ins truction will assume its norma l status and allow rung co ntinuity and outputs on the rung will be e nergiz ed.
If use d as a n input bit, its sta tus sho uld co rrespo nd to the status o f re al world input device s tied to the input image table by the ide ntic al addresses .

Addressing
Example:
I:2/4

"I" indicates input image table.

2" represents slot one.

After the slash "/" the 4" indicates bit four.

Out Put
OTE [Output Energize]

This instruction sets the specified bit when

rung continuity is achieved (rung goes true).
Under normal operating conditions, if the set
bit corresponds to an output device, the
output device will be energized when the
rung goes true.
Warning! Never use an output address at
more than one place in your logic program.
Always be fully aware of the load represented
by the output coil.