Training Development 1

CHAPTER 7
Training and Development
Training (Stephanie, 2005)
A learning process that involves

the acquisition of skills, concepts,
rules, or attitudes to enhance
employee performance.
Training
Effort initiated by an organization to foster

learning among its members.
Tends to be narrowly focused and oriented
toward short-term performance concerns.
Development
Effort that is oriented more toward

broadening an individuals skills for the
future responsibilities.
Managing Human Resources, 13th Edition - George W. Bohlander, and Scott A. Snell
Training aims to improve

employees current work skills and
behavior,
whereas development aims to
increase abilities in relation to
some future position or job.
International Human Resource Management, 4th Edition
by Peter J. Dowling and Denice E. Welch
4
Definitions of training
and development
Remedial skills training
Developmental training
Orientation training
firm specific
transferable
Training and Development and

Other HRM Functions
Availability
Availabilityofoftraining
trainingcan
canaid
aidininrecruitment
recruitment
Recruitment
Recruitment
Provide
Providean
anadditional
additionalsource
sourceofoftrainees
trainees
Training
Trainingmay
maypermit
permithiring
hiringless-qualified
less-qualified
applicants
applicants
Selection
Selection
Effective
Effectiveselection
selectionmay
mayreduce
reducetraining
training
needs
needs
Training
Trainingaids
aidsininthe
theachievement
achievementofof
performance
performance
Performance
Performance
Appraisal
Appraisal
AAbasis
basisfor
forassessing
assessingtraining
trainingneeds
needsand
and
results
results
Training
Trainingand
anddevelopment
developmentmay
maylead
leadtotohigher
higher
pay
pay
Compensation
Compensation
Management
Management
AAbasis
basisfor
fordetermining
determiningemployees
employeesrate
rate
ofofpay
pay
Training
Trainingmay
mayinclude
includeaarole
rolefor
forthe
theunion
union
Labor
LaborRelations
Relations
Union
Unioncooperation
cooperationcan
canfacilitate
facilitatetraining
training
efforts
6
efforts
Why is training and

development becoming an
increasingly important issue?
Increasing importance of product and service

quality (Collin, 2001 and Mabey & Salaman, 1995)
Flexibility (Crofts, 1995 & Hyman, 1996)
New technology (Hyman, 1996)
Downsizing and delayering in lean organisations
(Hyman, 1996)
Employee commitment (Hyman, 1996 &
Holden, 2001)
Skills and labour shortages
7
Training Dollars Spent

On
Source: Tammy Galvin, The People, Training 38, no. 10 (October 2001): 5864.
8
PERFORMANCE
CONSULTING
Human Resource Management 11e
Robert L. Mathis AND John H. Jackson
Considerations in the
design of training
programmes
Major Stages involved in a training

programme (Casico, 1998)
Determining training needs
Organisational analysis
Demographic analysis
Task/knowledge, skills and
attitudes(KSA) analysis
Person analysis
10
Systematic Training
Process
11
Implementing training
On or off the job?

Active versus passive learning
The sequencing of learning
Individual differences
Group versus individually-based training
initiatives
Transfer to the job situation
Evaluating the effectiveness of the training
process
12
Training Methods for

Nonmanagerial Employees
On-the-Job Training (OJT)

Apprenticeship Training
Cooperative Training, Internships, and
Governmental Training
Classroom Instruction
Programmed Instruction
Audiovisual Methods
Computer-based Training and E-Learning
Simulation
13

On-the-job training (OJT)
(contd)
Method by which employees are given
hands
on experience with instructions from their

supervisor or other trainer.
Apprenticeship training
System of training in which a worker entering

the skilled trades is given thorough instruction
and experience, both on and off the job, in the
practical and theoretical aspects of the work.
14

Cooperative Training
(contd)
Training program that combines practical on-the
job experience with formal educational classes.
Internship Programs
Programs jointly sponsored by colleges,

universities, and other organizations that offer
students the opportunity to gain real-life
experience while allowing them to find out how
they will perform in work organizations.
15

(contd)
Vestibule Training
A special type of classroom facility is

used to give instruction in the
operation of equipment like that
found in operating departments
The emphasis is on instruction rather
than production.
16

Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI)
(contd)
A system that delivers instructional materials

directly through a computer terminal in an
interactive format.
Computer-managed Instruction (CMI)
A system normally employed in

conjunction with CAI that uses
a computer to generate and
score tests and to determine
the level of training proficiency.
17

Management Development
On-the-Job Experiences
Seminars and Conferences
Case Studies
Management Games
Role Playing
Behavior Modeling
18
On-the-Job Experiences
Coaching
Understudy Assignment
Job Rotation
Lateral Transfer
Special Projects
Action Learning
Staff Meetings
Planned Career Progressions
19
Case Studies
The use of case studies is most appropriate
when:
Analytic, problem-solving, and critical thinking skills are

most important.
The KSAs are complex and participants need time to
master them.
Active participation is desired.
The process of learning (questioning, interpreting, and
so on) is as important as the content.
Team problem solving and interaction are possible.
20
Role Playing
Successful role play requires that instructors:
Ensure that group members are comfortable with

each other.
Select and prepare the role players by

introducing a specific situation.
To help participants prepare, ask them to

describe potential characters.
Realize that volunteers make better role players.
21
Behavior Modeling
Behavior Modeling
An approach that demonstrates desired

behavior and gives trainees the chance to
practice and role-play those behaviors and
receive feedback.
Involves four basic components:
Learning points
Model
Practice and role play
Feedback and reinforcement
22
Some Typical Costs and

Benefits of Training
23
Different levels of training

activity in different
countries
Internal factors
Poorly educated and mistrustful

senior managers
Short-term corporate objectives
Relative weakness of the personnel
function
24

countries
External factors: systems of
national Vocational Education
and Training (Germany,
Singapore..)
1. VET initiatives in UK in the
1990s
Modern apprenticeships
Investors in people(IiP)
25

countries
External factors: systems of
national vocational education and
training
2. Schemes introduced by the New
Labour government
Learning And Skills Council

University For Industry (Now Renamed UfI)
The New Deal
Union Learning Representatives
26
International training
and development

27
Expatriate Career
Decision Points

28

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CHAPTER 7

Training and Development

Training (Stephanie, 2005)

A learning process that involves

Training and Development

Effort initiated by an organization to foster

Effort that is oriented more toward

Training and Development

Training aims to improve

Training and Development and

Why is training and

Increasing importance of product and service

Training Dollars Spent

Major Stages involved in a training

On or off the job?

Training Methods for

On-the-Job Training (OJT)

Training Methods for

on experience with instructions from their

System of training in which a worker entering

Training Methods for

job experience with formal educational classes.

Programs jointly sponsored by colleges,

Training Methods for

A special type of classroom facility is

Training Methods for

A system that delivers instructional materials

Computer-managed Instruction (CMI)

A system normally employed in

Training Methods for

Analytic, problem-solving, and critical thinking skills are

Successful role play requires that instructors:

Ensure that group members are comfortable with

Select and prepare the role players by

To help participants prepare, ask them to

Realize that volunteers make better role players.

An approach that demonstrates desired

Some Typical Costs and

Different levels of training

Poorly educated and mistrustful

Different levels of training

Different levels of training

Learning And Skills Council

International Human Resource Management, 4th Edition

International Human Resource Management, 4th Edition

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