1

Prerequisite Knowledge
Name the different sources of water.
How nature is balancing the
availability of water to human beings?
Scarcity of water in India and water
storage reservoirs in local region.

General Objective
Students will be able to understand the importance of
water resource and the effects of over-utilization
and conflicts over water
Specific Objectives
Recall the three consumptive and non-consumptive usage of water
(S & T)
Distinguish between confined and unconfined aquifers
(S)
Summarize any four effects of excess usage of ground & surface
water
(S&T)
Comment upon the conflict over water
(S, E & T)
Construct a mind map related to water resources

Consumpt
ive Usage

Domestic
Agricultural
Industrial
Household
Environmental
Transport

NonConsumptive
Usage

Hydro Power Plants

Thermal Power
Plants
Distillation Units
8

General Objective
Students will be able to understand the importance of
water resource and the effects of over-utilization
and conflicts over water
Specific Objectives
Recall the three consumptive and non-consumptive
usage of water
(S & T)

Water found deep in the ground due to penetration of

surface water is called Underground water.
Ground water Aquifers - Found to be contaminated
by leachates from sanitary landfills
Aquifer
A layer of highly permeable rock containing water.
Confined aquifer
It is formed when water collects over an
impermeable rock and they are recharged only in
those areas where the aquifer intersects the land
surface.
Un confined aquifer
It is formed when water collects over a less
permeable rock or compact clay and they are
recharged by water seeping down from above in the
10

General Objective
Students will be able to understand the importance of
water resource and the effects of over-utilization
and conflicts over water
Specific Objectives
Recall the three consumptive and non-consumptive
usage of water
(S & T)
Distinguish between confined and unconfined aquifers
(S)

 Ground Subsidence (Withdrawal >

Recharge)
Then sediments in aquifer get
compact.
Lowering of water table
Drying up of wells
Water Logging (due to excessive irrigation
salinity)
Earthquake and Landslides

12

Definitio
n

Flood

Effect
of Flood

Flood
Manageme
nt
13

Definition

Floodis an overflow of water that submerges land which is normally

dry.
Causes

Deforestation, Overgrazing, mining, rapid industrialization, global

warming Floods A Global Disaster
Effects

Loss of life, damage to buildings, risk ofwaterborne diseases and

Economic hardship (long term effect)
Control measures

Construction of Dams & Reservoirs, Detention basins,levees (low

walls), reservoirs to prevent from overflowing.

When these defenses fail, sandbagsor portable inflatable tubes are

often used to try and stem flooding.

Benefits
Rechargingground water, making soil morefertile& increasingnutrientsin
soils, maintainingecosystemsin river corridors & Hydro-power - a renewable
source of energy.

e
us
Ca
s

Definitio
n

15

Definition (Scarcity of water due to inadequate rainfall & excess

withdrawal of ground water)

When annual rainfall is below normal and less than evaporation,

drought conditions are created.

Causes

Low annual rainfall,

Deforestation.

Population

growth,

Intensive

cropping

&

Effects

Hunger, Malnutrition, Scarcity of drinking water, water quality, Food

shortage, degradation of natural resources & migration of peoples.
Control measures

In-depth knowledge about drought and desertification

Rain water harvesting programmes

Construction of reservoirs

Afforestation activities

Mixed cropping & dry farming

General Objective
Students will be able to understand the importance of
water resource and the effects of over-utilization
and conflicts over water
Specific Objectives
Recall the three consumptive and non-consumptive usage of
water
(S & T)
Distinguish between confined and unconfined aquifers (S)
Summarize any four effects of excess usage of ground &
surface water
(S&T)

Water Conflicts: Inter-state & International problems

Issues related to sharing of river water includes:
The Indus Water Treaty
Due to dams and barrages built higher up on the river (between India
& Pakistan)
In 1960, the Indus , Jhelum & Chenab (allocated to Pakistan)
the Sutlej, Ravi & Beas (allocated to India)
India Rights to construct barrages across all these rivers across
India
Pakistan Rivers Can be used for non-consumptive purpose by India.
The Cauvery Water Dispute (b/w tamilnadu & Karnataka)
CWD Tribunal 1990 205 TMCF of water to
Metturear/Year
Problems due to delayed rains (1995).
Mullai Periyar Water Problem (b/w tamilnadu & Kerala)

General Objective
Students will be able to understand the importance of
water resource and the effects of over-utilization
and conflicts over water
Specific Objectives
Recall the three consumptive and non-consumptive usage
of water
(S & T)
Distinguish between confined and unconfined aquifers (S)
Summarize any four effects of excess usage of ground &
surface water
(S&T)
Comment upon the conflict over water
(S, E & T)

Provides
irrigation water
above and
below dam

Flooded land
destroys fore
or cropland a
displaces peo

Large losses
water throu
evaporation
Provides water
for drinking

Reservoir useful
for recreation
and fishing

Can produce
cheap electricity
(hydropower)

Reduces
downstream
flooding

Deprives
downstream
cropland and
estuaries of
nutrient-rich

Risk of failur
and devasta
downstream
flooding

Disrpupts
migration an
spawning of
some fish

Center pivot
Drip irrigation
(efficiency 9095%)
Above- or belowGravity flow
(efficiency 60% and 80% with surge ground pipes or tubes
deliver water to
valves)
Water usually
comes from an
individual plant roots.
aqueduct system or a nearby
river.

(efficiency 80% with lowpressure sprinkler and 90

95% with LEPA sprinkler)

Water usually pumped

from underground and
sprayed from mobile
boom with sprinklers.
Stepped Art

21

Fig. 11-14, p. 251

Type

Uses of Water

Water
resources

Types

Consumptive
Non-consumptive

Over
exploitation
Ground water

Surceface

Confined & Unconfined

aquifers
1. Land subsidence Ground
Surface water
water
2. Lowering water
Demerits
table
3.Water logging

Role of
media

Remedy

Conflictsover
water
1. Floods
2. Droughts
Role of an
Individual

General Objective
Students will be able to understand the importance of
water resource and the effects of over-utilization
and conflicts over water
Specific Objectives
Recall the three consumptive and non-consumptive usage of water
(S & T)
Distinguish between confined and unconfined aquifers
(S)
Summarize any four effects of excess usage of ground & surface
water
(S&T)
Comment upon the conflict over water
(S, E & T)
Construct a mind map related to water resources

Stimulating Questions
Why water pipes burst during winter only?
If water is heated from 0 degree centigrade to 4
degree C, instead of expanding it contracts. Why?
Hint: Generally liquids expand on heating &
contracts on cooling.

Why ice floats over water? What will happen if it

does not floats?
Reality: Water plays an important role in the
survival of aquatic animals & plants in cold countries.

Thank you