Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Design
Dr. Mukesh Kumar
Wind Damages
Hurricanes caused more
economic and insured
losses well ahead of
earthquakes and floods.
Types of Winds
Prevailing Winds
Seasonal Winds
Local Winds
CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND
Variation of wind velocity with height.
Wind turbulence.
Statistical probability.
Vortex shedding phenomenon.
Dynamic nature of windstructure interaction.
Vortex Shedding
In general, wind buffeting against a bluff body gets
Vortex Shedding
In general, wind buffeting against a bluff body gets
At low wind speeds, since the shedding occurs at the same instant on
either side of the building, there is no tendency for the building to
vibrate in the transverse direction.
It is therefore subject to along-wind oscillations parallel to the wind
direction. At higher speeds, the vortices are shed alternately, first from
one and then from the other side.
When this occurs, there is an impulse in the along-wind direction as
before, but in addition, there is an impulse in the transverse direction.
The transverse impulses are, however, applied alternately to the left
and then to the right. The frequency of transverse impulse is precisely
half that of the along-wind impulse. This type of shedding, which gives
rise to structural vibrations in the flow direction as well as in the
transverse direction, is called vortex shedding or the Karman vortex
street, a phenomenon well known in the field of fluid mechanics.
Cladding Pressures
The design of cladding for lateral loads is of
Distribution of Pressures
and Suctions
When air flows around edges of a structure,
2).
Negative pressure zone on the downstream face (Region 3).
Exposure Effects
UBC distinguishes between three exposure
categories; B, C, and D.
Exposure B is the least severe, representing
urban, suburban, wooded, and other terrain
with numerous closely spaced surface
irregularities;
Exposure C is for flat and generally open
terrain with scattered obstructions; and the
most severe,
Exposure D, is four unobstructed coastal
areas directly exposed to large bodies of
Exposure Effects
Exposure B has terrain with buildings, forest, or surface
Design Wind
Pressures
p = CeCqqsIw
The Ce Factor
The effects of height, exposure, and gust
Pressure Coefficient Cq
It is a function of building shape and location,
Importance Factor Iw
Importance factor Iw is applied to increase the wind loads for