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gas
exchange
Fig. 23.7
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJedwz_r2Pc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6mLc9gOgVA
Fig. 23.18
Fig. 22.17
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Inspiration
Figure 23.20
Expiration
Thoracic
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
Vertical
changes
Diaphragm contracts;
vertical dimensions of
thoracic cavity increase
Diaphragm relaxes;
vertical dimensions of
thoracic cavity narrow
Lateral
changes
Anteriorposterior
changes
Inferior portion of
sternum moves anteriorly and
thoracic cavity expands
Inferior portion of
sternum moves posteriorly and
thoracic cavity compresses
Figure 23.21c
Atmosphere
Atmospheric
pressure
(760 mm Hg)
Pleural cavity
(intrapleural pressure)
756 mm Hg
760 mm Hg
(c) Volumes and pressures with breathing (at the end of an expiration)
Figure 23.21a
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Decreased
pressure
Increased
volume
Increased
pressure
Pressure decreases as
volume increases
Decreased
volume
Pressure increases as
volume decreases
Figure 23.21b
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Area A
Area A
Area A
Airflow
Airflow
Increased
pressure B
Area B
Decreased
pressure B
Volume B
Volume B
Area B
Area B
Pressure A = Pressure B
No net movement of air
Fig. 23.22
A single breath of
quiet breathing
moves approx.
500ml of air into
the lungs
(=tidal volume).
Figure 23.19
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Serratus posterior
superior
Pectoralis minor
Erector spinae
Transversus thoracis
External
intercostal
Serratus posterior
inferior
External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
External oblique
Transversus abdominis
Anterior view
Posterior view
Muscles of Breathing
Muscles of
quiet breathing
The diaphragm forms the rounded floor of the thoracic cavity and is dome-shaped when relaxed. It alternates between the relaxed
domed position and the contracted flattened position and changes the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
The external intercostals extend from a superior rib inferiomedially to the adjacent inferior rib. These elevate the ribs and increase the
transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
Muscles of
forced inspiration
Muscles of
forced expiration
The internal intercostals lie deep and at right angles to the external intercostals; depress the ribs and decrease the transverse
dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
The abdominal muscles (primarily the external obliques and transversus abdominis) compress the abdominal contents, forcing the
diaphragm into a higher domed position and the rectus abdominus pulls the sternum and rib cage inferiorly.
The transversus thoracis extends across the inner surface of the thoracic cage and attaches to ribs 26; depresses ribs 26 .
The serratus posterior inferior extends between the ligamentum nuchae and the lower border of ribs 912; depresses ribs 912.
Forced breathing:
VRG stimulated by DRG to stimulate muscles of forced
expiration (abdominals & internal intercostals) through the
phrenic and intercostal nerves
Fig. 23.23
Figure 23.24
Table 23.4
Fig. 23.16
Fig. 23.12
Fig. 23.26
Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling
O2
HbO2
H+
(reduced hemoglobin)
(saturated hemoglobin)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- rapid & reversible; almost complete saturation at 70 mm Hg (Fig. 23.28)
- bound oxygen facilitates binding until 98% of Hb is saturated (arteries)
PCO2 , blood H+, temp., BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) release O2
O2 unloading accelerated where it is needed (curve right shift)
- HbO2 unloading, also unloads NOb.v. dilationO2 delivery to tissues
Fig. 23.28
Fig. 23.29
Carbon Dioxide
Fig. 23. 27
dissolved in plasma (7%)
bound to hemoglobin within RBCs (about 23%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Hb
CO2
HbCO2
(carbaminohemoglobin)
--------------------------------------------------------------------CO2 rapidly dissociates from Hb in lungs (down pressure gradient)
CO2 loaded onto Hb in tissues (down pressure gradient)
H2CO3 H+
(carbonic acid)
HCO3(bicarbonate)
Fig. 22.22a
Fig. 23.27