Displaying a message

(echo)

The echo command is used to display a

message on the terminal.
Syntax :- $echo message to print in quotes
{quotes would not be displayed}
Example :-$echoI am Learning Linux
Ubuntu
Output :- I am Learning Linux Ubuntu
The echo command is also used to display
value of variables.

Present Working Directory

(pwd)

We can move from one directory to other but

at a given time we can work only in one
directory . That is knowm as current directory .
To look into it Present Working Directory (pwd)
command is used.

Syntax :- $pwd

Creating a Directory
(mkdir)

mkdir command enables us to make new

directory.

Syntax :- $mkdir (name of directory)

Example :-$mkdir India
Output :- Directory named India will be
formed.

Remove Directory (rmdir)

With the help of this command unnecessary

directory can be removed.
The directory to be removed not contain any
other file or directory.
Syntax :- $rmdir name of directory
Example :- cd India
$rmdir Gujarat
Output :- First of all we must go to home
directory and then by executing this command
Gujarat named directory will be removed.

Calender (cal)

The cal command is used to show calender

of a specific month or that of whole year.
To display calenderof whole year:Example :- $cal 2010
Output:-

To show calender of specific month of the

year:-

Example :- $cal 1 2014

Output :-

Date Command (date)

The date command is used to print

current date and time of the computer.
Example :- $date
press enter key
Output :-

Deleting a file (rm)

The rm command is used to delete one or

more files.
Syntax :- $rm filename
Example :- $rm Abad
Output :- Abad named file will be deleted.

To delete multiple files:Example :- $rm file1file2 file3

Output:-All three files will be deleted one by
one.

Comparing two files (cmp)

The cmp command is used to compare two

files.
Syntax :- $cmp filename1 filename2
Example :-$cmp file1 file2
Output :- It will compare files if both have
same text otherwise it will show error and
output would be -

Renaming a file (mv)

The mv command is used for renaming a file or directory.

Syntax :- $mv oldfilename newfilename
Example :-$mv introduction introduction.txt
Output :- The filename introduction will be renamed as
introduction.txt.

The mv command is also used to move a file or group of

files to a different directory.

Example :- $mv file1 file2 my_dir

Output :- The files file1 and file2 will be moved to directory
named my_dir.

Searching a File or Directory

(find)

The find command is used to locate forgotten

file or directory.
Example :- $find-name Student
Output :- Location of file named Student is to
be located.
Example :-$find-name stu*
Output :- Name of files starting with stu will be
displayed.