3G Principles

3rd generation of mobile

communication

O sm a n
G LE R C A N
16169230356
The evolution

3G

EDGE

GPRS

HSCSD

GSM
 Main advantages of 3G
Comparison to GSM

increased capacity (4 5 times higher)

datarates up to 2 Mbits/s

longer call duration (lower TX power)

improved call establishment

datarates adjustable as needed

3G network architecture
CN
Core Network (PS or CS)

Iu

UTRAN
UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access Network

Uu

UE
User Equipment
 3G network components
UTRAN CN

ATM -
Module MSC
A B
UE RNC Iu-CS
NodeB PSTN
Iub
Uu

Iu-PS

GGSN
SGSN Gn Gi
IP network
 GSM cell structure
Each Base Station (BS) contains of one or more
Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) and serves a certain area

BTS (f5)
In adjacent cells are
different frequencies ( f1 , f2 ,
BTS (f6) BS ) used

BTS (f3) The same frequencies are

BTS (f2) BS BTS (f1) reused in distant cells

BTS (f2)
BTS (f3) BS
FDMA
BTS (f5) BS BTS (f4) (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
BTS (f4) BTS (f7)
BS
BTS (f5) To increase the effiency
resp . capacity , each
BS BS
frequency is splitted into 8
BTS (f1) BTS (f2) timeslots

BTS (f1) TDMA

BTS (f6)
(Time Division Multiple Access )
 3G cell structure
- In FDD each Node B has the same frequency for the
downlink and the same frequency for the uplink.
- However macrocells, microcells and picocells has their own
frequency bands.

microcell, FDD (ful = f3, fdl = f4

macrocell Node B Node B

FDD (ful = f1, fdl = f2) picocell, TDD (ful = fdl = f5)

Node B

Node B Node B
 UMTS frequency ranges

FDD FDD
TDD MSS TDD MSS
uplink downlink
f/MHz
1900 2110
TDD = Time Division Duplex (uplink and downlink)
FDD = Frequency Division Duplex
MSS = Mobile Satellite Service

1900 - 1920 MHz : UTRA TDD ( 4 x 5 MHz bands )

1920 - 1980 MHz : UTRA FDD uplink ( 12 x 5 MHz bands )
2010 - 2020 MHz : UTRA TDD ( 2 x 5 MHz bands , not licensed )
2110 - 2170 MHz : UTRA FDD downlink ( 12 x 5 MHz bands )
In future :
1980 - 2010 MHz : MSS uplink
2170 - 2200 MHz : MSS downlink
 FDD mode
In FDD mode is for downlink and uplink a
separate 5 MHz band used
FDD is used in macro - and microcells

P
5MHz 5MHz

Uplink Downlink

f
190 MHz
 TDD mode
In TDD mode is one 5 MHz band used for uplink and
downlink . The band is splitted into 15 timeslots .

TDD is mainly used in picocells

TDD frame (10 ms)

t

5 MHz

f
15 slots, each of them 2/3 ms
 Timeslot configuration

meslots can be configured flexible for downlink or u

TDD - Frame , 15 Timeslots , 10 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Uplink

Uplink
Uplink

Uplink

Uplink

Uplink
Uplink

Uplink
Downlink
Downlink
Downlink

Downlink

Downlink
Downlink

Downlink
Cell organization and data
rates

Picocel
l
m) 60
(~
Microcell (~ 1
km)
Macrocell (~ 2
km)

Size Datarate Speed

Macrocell 2 km 144 kbits/s 500 km/h
Microcell 1 km 384 kbits/s 120 km/h
Picocell 60 m 2 Mbits/s 10 km/h
 Codemultiplexing
Subscribers are separated by unique
codes and sharing the provided power
level

Subscriber 1 ( Code1 , Power1 )

Power ( P )
Subscriber 2 ( Code2 , Power2 )

Time

Frequency
 Spreading

Because the RF signal is spread it becomes less

sensitive against interferences

P
GSM

f
200 kHz

frequency selective interference

3G

5 MHz f
 Transmission principle
The higher the spreading factor , the lower
the bitrate and the lower the power level

P User A

P P

f f
Data Data after
spreading
f f
P User B
Transmission Despreaded
over the air user A signal
in the receiver

f f
 Usage of the codes

Dedicated user channel

In the Uplink (UE-

>NodeB), the user data
and signalling
information is separated
by Channelisation
Codes

signalling In the Downlink (NodeB->UE),

data cells are separated by
Scrambling Codes

In the downlink (NodeB->UE), In the Uplink (UE-

user connections are >NodeB), terminals are
separated by separated by
Channelisation Codes Scrambling Codes
 Channelization codes
Each call respectively data in the UTRAN are coded with an
unique code (spreading code)

To rule out the possibility of interferences, the used

codes has to be independent from each other
-> orthogonal

ample : Code 1 = 1 0 0 1 Code 2 = 0 0 1 1

Code 1 & Code 2 are

transformed to NRZCode
- signals
1 =: [- 1 , + 1 , + 1 , - 1 ] Code 2 = [+ 1 , + 1 , - 1 , - 1 ]

-1 +1
+1 +1
= (- 1 )(+ 1 )+(+ 1 )(+ 1 )+(+ 1 )(- 1 )+(- 1 )(- 1 ) = - 1 + 1 - 1 + 1 = 0
+1 -1
-1 -1

Codes are orthogonal to each other , if their scalar

product is zero
 Spreading factor & Chips
Each bit in the data stream is divided into the number of
chips according to the spreading factor

Example : Spreading factor = 4

Data :
011

Spreading code : 1001

Coded signal
 Scrambling codes
To avoid the interference of asynchronous
signals , there is the second code class
Scrambling codes

These codes are almost orthogonal , even if the

signals are asynchronous
Quasi orthogonal coding

spreaded signal scrambled signal

scrambling code
( 38400 chips )
 Referances
Siemens Mobile
www.siemens-mobile.com

Alcatel-Lucent
www.alcatel.com

Motorola
www.motorola.com