CHAPTER 5 :

CHEMICAL BONDS

CHEMICAL BONDS
IONIC BONDING/ IKATAN ION
Ionic

compound - Chemical compound formed

by transfer of valence electrons from
metal atom to non-metal atom.

bond - A strong bond formed when

positive ions and negative ions are attracted
by the electrostatic forces.

Ionic

THE FORMATION OF IONS

When an atom releases or accepts electrons, it
becomes a charged particle called an ion.
An atom that accepts electrons forms a negative ion
called anion.
An atom that donates electrons forms a positive ion
called cation.

ELECTRON ARRANGEMENTS
FOR THE IONS FORMED
Magnesium atom

Magnesium ion

2+

donates 2 electrons
Mg

2.8.2

Mg

2.8

ELECTRON ARRANGEMENTS
FOR THE IONS FORMED
Chlorine atom

Chloride ion

accepts 1 electron
Cl

2.8.7

Cl

2.8.8

SUSUNAN ELEKTRON BAGI

PEMBENTUKAN ION
Atom klorin

Ion klorida

Menerima 1 elektron
Cl

2.8.7

Cl

2.8.8

Formation of Ionic Bond

The formation of sodium chloride (NaCl)
Sodium atom releases one electron to achieve the stable octet
electron arrangements.
Chlorine atom accepts one electron from the sodium atom to
achieve stable octet electron arrangement.
The ions are held together by a strong electrostatic force between
the oppositely-charged ions.

+
Na

Sodium atom, Na
2.8.1

Cl

Chlorine atom, Cl
2.8.7

Na

Sodium ion,
2.8

Cl

Chlorides ion,
2.8.8

FORMATION OF IONIC BOND

Example : Magnesium Chloride, MgCl2

Cl

Cl

Mg

Cl

Mg

Cl

EXAMPLE OF IONIC COMPOUND IN NATURE

Table salt ( NaCl )

Baking powder
( NaHCO3 )

Sea shell ( CaCO3 )

COVALENT BONDING
compound - Chemical compound
formed by sharing of valence electrons
between a non-metal with a non-metal
atoms

Covalent

Covalent

molecules are held by weak intermolecular forces / van der Waals' forces.

TYPES OF COVALENT BOND

There are 3 types of covalent bond:

a)Single bond b)double bond c)triple bond

H2

O2

N2

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND

COVALENT COMPOUNDS
Ionic Compound

Covalent Compound

High melting and boiling points

Low melting and boiling points

-Stronger attraction forces between the

ions
-more heat energy required to
overcome the attraction forces

-Weak intermolecular forces

/van der Waals forces between the
molecules
- Less heat energy required to
overcome the weak intermolecular
forces

Conduct electricity in molten and

aqueous solution
- Contains freely moving ions in
molten / aqueous state only

Does not conduct electricity

- consists of molecules
- do not have freely moving ions.

Soluble in water but insoluble in

organic solvents

Insoluble in water but soluble in

organic solvents