Key Movements in Design

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Victorian Style (18371901)

This style we can be definitely considered to be the
first trend, which began to develop industrial design.
As the name itself indicates, the Victorian style
developed in the period of the reign of Queen Victoria
and included not only design but also had a big
influence on the architecture.
It was a period of great transformations, the second
Industrial Revolution broke out, there was the
development of industry, technology and inventions
and a mass production was also commenced

Victorian Style (18371901)

Victorian Style (18371901)

Style highlights:
distinguished by the severity of the numerous
ornaments and form reloaded
artificial pomposity of ornaments, decorations,
which occupied every available space in
interiors
lack of consistency of style and quality, which
seemed to be cheesy
application of new materials
eclectic (the use of styles from different periods)

Arts & Crafts (1850-1914)

Arts and Crafts Movement was founded in Great Britain
in response to the mass production, having been
pioneered by the industrial revolution. It was
propagating a program of revival of the art and the
craft.
It was believed that the industrial revolution through
mass production had led to the collapse of the taste, the
personality and the morality of people. Arts and Craft
caused that the products were made by hand, the return
of handicraft. Straighter forms, large smooth surfaces
and linear shapes started taking the place of products
overloaded with the decorative art. Motiffes were often
taken from nature.

Arts & Crafts (1850-1914)

Arts & Crafts (1850-1914)

Style highlights:
simple forms
inspiration with natural forms, the flora and
the fauna
simple linear shapes
abstract forms, inspired by movement and
mystical beings
use of high quality materials
an interest in Gothic, medieval art, using bold
forms and strong colours based on medieval
design

Art Nouveau (1880-1910)

Art Nouveau was a concerted attempt to create an
international style based on decoration. The essence of this
movement was to strive for the unity of the stylish art, by
combining its activities in various areas, particularly arts and
crafts, interior design, sculpture and graphics.
Inspired by Japan culture, they began to use oriental, simple
forms, the white spaces in their works as well as they started
to assimilate new approach in the problem of perspective, free
composition, asymmetry and bright colour.
In contrast to Arts And Crafts, Art Nouveau began to use
media technology to mass production. Representatives of this
trend, having been fascinated by new technologies, began to
use new materials, construction and techniques methods.

Art Nouveau (1880-1910)

Art Nouveau (1880-1910)

Style highlights:
curved lines and organic shapes,
winding, non-geometrical, rough
edges
asymmetry,
colours: mostly bright, delicate, such
as white or lilac,
inspiration of Japan culture.

Modernism (1880-1940)
Modernism is the trend in avant-garde art,
design and architecture. The main objective of
this trend was to strive for originality,
innovations, thereby rejecting the tradition and
false rationalism.
Modernism was a revolt against the conservative
values, in exchange was interested in it what is
unusual and unknown. This often led to
experimentation with form, highlight the
processes and materials being used and it
showed tendencies to the abstraction.

Modernism (1880-1940)

Modernism (1880-1940)
Style highlights:
using new materials such as concrete, steel,
glass,
simple forms, devoid of decorative elements,
using simple mass, smooth finishes of walls
and open space plan in architecture,
austere (severe or strict) interiors, it was
desirable to provide order,
modular, simple furniture,
using toned down, natural colours.

Art Deco (1910-1939)

Art deco was a reaction to the Art Nouveau movement, an
expression of the opposition to the disharmony. This style
diverged significantly into the future, began to use mass
production to create useful objects, however consistent their
highest quality. Because of that they unfortunately were not
available to the whole society.
Exploiting geometrical, trapezoidal shapes were characteristic
features of this style. People were more and more travelling,
therefore Egyptian, Aztec, African or ancient motifs were
becoming more popular and accessible in ornamentation. In
addition, artists began to use materials such as ivory, ebony,
silver, pearls, which were also imported from foreign travel. By
using new materials, Art Deco objects looked elegant, were
both styled and functional.

Art Deco (1910-1939)

Art Deco (1910-1939)

Style highlights:
applying geometric shapes, sharp edges, but with
rounded corners,
using materials such as chrome, glass, shiny
fabrics, mirrors, ceramic tiles, bakelite and
expensive, imported materials such as ivory,
bronze, precious stones,
shells, sunrises, flowers were recurring motifs,
bright colours,
using historical themes e.g. Egyptian,
architecture with large windows and doors, flat
roofs, corner windows often appeared,
furniture in single copies, streamline shapes.

Bauhaus (1919-1933)
This Art college, which was founded in Germany, was arising
with specific antithesis (opposite) of the Arts and Crafts
movement. It sought to use technology in mass production, in
the same time threw away single handicraft which in its
workmanship was a luxury good, being too expensive for the
average society class.
The art presented by artists of the Bauhaus expressed the
simplicity in the form, was using repetition of elements and
textures. They were using straight, regular lines.
The importance of materials such as plastic, aluminium,
chrome, concrete, steel was emphasized. Above all they were
putting the functionality, as well as the simplicity which does
not interfere with human life.

Bauhaus (1919-1933)

Bauhaus (1919-1933)
Style highlights:
simplicity of the forms, lines, shapes,
regular, repetitive forms,
projects which give the impression of lightness, using new
materials to achieve this purpose,
using mostly aluminium, steel, chrome, plastic and glass,
simple, beautiful, but at the same time inexpensive
furniture,
functionality of the product a form derived from the
function,
using frequently concrete in constructions, including
interiors,
lack of ornamentation,
regional conditions, climates, landscapes and inhabitants
customs were leading into the architecture form.

Organic Design (1930-60,

1990-)
Organic designs gained the inspiration from nature
and wildlife. Living in harmony with nature was
inspiring artists to create products and architecture,
using delicate forms, cylindrical shapes, smooth
lines. Buildings became the part of the landscape.
Design respected the product user and the form
followed the function. This style emanated the
sensitivity, the harmonious and the lack of sharp
edges.
The first organic projects were created during the
interwar period, however the bloom of this
movement took place after the second world war.

Organic Design (1930-60,

1990-)

Organic Design (1930-60,

1990-)
Style highlights:
mild, smooth lines and sculptural forms,
holistic design, referring to the surrounding
environment,
using both natural and synthetic materials, from
which it was easy to model organic forms,
delicacy of the form,
buildings, furniture harmonize with the
surroundings, the architecture with the landscape,
inspiration taken from nature,
projects were supposed to meet the social, physical
and spiritual needs.

Minimalism (1967-1978)
Minimalism emerged in the 50s of the
twentieth century, but it was rapidly growing
in the years 60s, 70s. This trend was a
reaction to the consumerism of society. As
the name itself suggests, designers of this
movement were minimizing the use of art
means, decoration. Artists were using
simplified form, the basic shapes in their
projects such as triangles, circles, squares,
smooth surfaces, limited number of colours,
lines and textures.

Minimalism (1967-1978)

Minimalism (1967-1978)
Style highlights:
simplicity and harmony in interiors and furniture,
open spaces in interiors,
avoiding inner walls,
the illumination had the significant influence on
interiors,
using basic geometric shapes squares,
triangles,
colour white was dominating,
furniture and decorations limited to the
minimum,
elegant.

Pop Art (1958-1972)

As the name Pop art suggests it was also
drawing its inspiration from the culture of music
popular culture.
The main topic of paintings were well-known
celebrities with the legendary example of
Marilyn Monroe. Pop art was in some extent a
satire, because artists were persuading the
museums to invest large sums of money in the
paintings of mundane themes made with acrylic
paints on plywood, which quickly was becoming
ruined.

Pop Art (1958-1972)

Pop Art (1958-1972)

Style highlights:
bright, rainbow colours,
expressive forms,
using mainly plastic,
using repetitions in art,
using well-known personalities,
consumer products in works of art,
comics inspiration.

Post Modernism (1978-)

Postmodernism is a movement in architecture, art,
which developed as the response on the simplicity and
rationality of modernism.
The creators of this style drew inspiration from historical
styles, mixed them. Therefore we can say that the lack
of a particular style characterized postmodernism. Postmodern design object was supposed to take care of the
comfort of the body, mind and the soul of its user. It was
believed that creating buildings, objects with a certain
message and symbolism will attract users which did not
want to live in austere modernist interiors. Therefore, in
postmodernism times return to ornamentation took
place.

Post Modernism (1978-)

Post Modernism (1978-)

Style highlights:
combining previous styles,
superficial decorations,
collage, photomontage in graphic,
playing with the form,
form individually adjusted to the user,
using many layers and mixing them,
pastel colours.

American Kitsch (19401960)

American kitsch otherwise known as
Golden 50s, can be described as a
trend in which the decorative was
dominating. Artists were using unusual
colours. Kitsch was often described as
too sentimental, vulgar and
pretentious. It was seen by some as
an expression of bad taste.

American Kitsch (19401960)

American Kitsch (19401960)

Style highlights:
copying art icons,
presenting people in dramatic poses,
appearing motifs of atomic bombs, aeroplanes,
exaggerated use of decorations, ornaments,
aerodynamic shapes,
exceeding principles of the functionality in the
kitschy object, collecting different functions in one
object,
impact on many senses in the same time,
avoiding everything that is difficult and
inconvenient.

Space Age (1960-1969)

Space age, it is a period in which the
society was fascinated with space
travels, therefore were created projects
that had futuristic character. In 1969
the Apollo XI expedition ended with
success, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
were the first people which put the first
steps on the Moon. Space exploration
has become a ubiquitous theme.

Space Age (1960-1969)

Space Age (1960-1969)

Style highlights:
futuristic shapes,
silver, white and blue colours,
space motifs,
smooth, shiny surfaces,
using such materials as glass, metal,
plastic.

Deconstruktivism (1988-)
Deconstructivism began to develop in the 80s of the
twentieth century, being a continuation of post-modern
architecture.
Designers disturbed the ordinary space and basic
characteristics of traditional buildings such as e.g. the
body/block/shape of the building and frame construction.
Many walls are curved, some waving, others are simply
broken. As a result, buildings are characterized by a
stimulating unpredictability and controlled chaos.
Architects rejected ornamentations, while interesting
form was for them some kind of decoration.

Deconstruktivism (1988-)

Deconstruktivism (1988-)
Style highlights:
using broken, shredded forms,
multi-layered structures, twisted
geometries,
rejecting the decoration,
multilayered fonts and images
imposing different interpretations.