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COMPUTERS ???
By:
Fajarin Fitrianto lahay
Mukhyiddin
Muhamad amin R
COMPUTER
GENERATION
COMPUTER
FUNCTION
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE
WHAT IT
IS ???
BACK
COMPUTER
Acomputerisadevicethatcan
beinstructedtocarryoutanarbitraryset
ofarithmeticorlogicaloperations
automatically.Theirabilityofcomputersto
followasequenceofoperations,called
aprogram,makecomputersveryflexibleand
useful.Suchcomputersareusedascontrol
systemsforaverywidevariety
ofindustrialandconsumerdevices.
BACK
Thefirstcomputersusedvacuumtubesforcircuitry
andmagneticdrumsformemory,andwereoften
enormous,takingupentirerooms.Theywerevery
expensivetooperateandinadditiontousingagreat
dealofelectricity,thefirstcomputersgeneratedalotof
heat,whichwasoftenthecauseofmalfunctions.
Firstgenerationcomputersreliedonmachinelanguage,
thelowest-levelprogramminglanguageunderstoodby
computers,toperformoperations,andtheycouldonly
solveoneproblematatime,anditcouldtakedaysor
weekstoset-upanewproblem.Inputwasbasedon
punchedcardsandpapertape,andoutputwas
displayedonprintouts
Transistorsreplacevacuumtubesandusheredinthe
secondgenerationofcomputers.Thetransistorwas
inventedin1947butdidnotseewidespreadusein
computersuntilthelate1950s.Thetransistorwasfar
superiortothevacuumtube,allowingcomputersto
becomesmaller,faster,cheaper,moreenergy-efficient
andmorereliablethantheirfirst-generation
predecessors.
Thoughthetransistorstillgeneratedagreatdealofheat
thatsubjectedthecomputertodamage,itwasavast
improvementoverthevacuumtube.Second-generation
computersstillreliedonpunchedcardsforinputand
printoutsforoutput.
Thedevelopmentoftheintegratedcircuitwasthe
hallmarkofthethirdgenerationofcomputers.
Transistorswereminiaturizedandplaced
onsiliconchips,calledsemiconductors,whichdrastically
increasedthespeedandefficiencyofcomputers.
Insteadofpunchedcardsandprintouts,usersinteracted
withthirdgenerationcomputersthroughkeyboardsand
monitorsandinterfacedwithanoperatingsystem,which
allowedthedevicetorunmanydifferentapplicationsat
onetimewithacentralprogramthatmonitoredthe
memory.Computersforthefirsttimebecameaccessible
toamassaudiencebecausetheyweresmallerand
cheaperthantheirpredecessors.
Themicroprocessorbroughtthefourthgenerationof
computers,asthousandsofintegratedcircuitswerebuilt
ontoasinglesiliconchip.Whatinthefirstgeneration
filledanentireroomcouldnowfitinthepalmofthe
hand.TheIntel4004chip,developedin1971,locatedall
thecomponentsofthecomputerfromthecentral
processingunitandmemorytoinput/outputcontrolson
asinglechip.
Asthesesmallcomputersbecamemorepowerful,they
couldbelinkedtogethertoformnetworks,which
eventuallyledtothedevelopmentoftheInternet.Fourth
generationcomputersalsosawthedevelopmentofGUIs,
themouseandhandhelddevices.
Fifthgenerationcomputingdevices,based
onartificialintelligence,arestillindevelopment,
thoughtherearesomeapplications,suchasvoice
recognition,thatarebeingusedtoday.Theuse
ofparallelprocessingandsuperconductorsis
helpingtomakeartificialintelligencea
reality.Quantumcomputationandmolecular
andnanotechnologywillradicallychangethefaceof
computersinyearstocome.Thegoaloffifthgenerationcomputingistodevelopdevicesthat
respondtonaturallanguageinputandarecapable
oflearningandself-organization.
HOME
Benefitsofcomputersincludeefficientoperationsin
businessandenhancedlearningcapabilities.
Computersalsobringculturesandfamiliestogetherby
allowingpeopletocommunicatedirectlythroughthe
Internetwithonlinechatandemail.
Computersallowemployerstostoremassiveamountsof
dataoncomputerstoconservespaceandsavemoney.
Computersintheclassroomprovidenewmethodsof
teachingtohelpstudentslearn.Computersalsocreate
conveniencebyallowingstudentstolearnfroma
distance.Distancelearningprogramstakeadvantageof
chatroomsandforumstoencouragebetter
communication
BACK