LIQUIDLIQUID

EXTRACTION
MUHAMMAD IZWADI
MUHAMMAD AKMAL
AINUL MARDHIAH
NUR AMIRAH
ADIBAH
SITI SOLEHAH

DEFINITION
Liquid-liquid extraction also known as solvent
extraction.
It is method to separate compounds based on their
relative solubility in two different liquids.
By which a soluble solute is pulled from solvent A
(liquid mixture) by contact with solvent B (soluble
solvent). Solvent A and B are immiscible.

PROCESS PRINCIPLE

 A feed liquid (the first liquid) containing the desirable compound

that is to be separated together with other compounds.
An immiscible extraction liquid (the second liquid) is added and
mixed with the feed liquid through agitation.
The species re-distribute themselves between the 2 liquid
phase.
Agitation of the 2 phase is continued until equilibrium, and then
agitation is stopped and the liquids are allowed to settle until
both phases are clear.
The 2 phases can be separated.

 There are 2 requirements for liquid-liquid extraction to be feasible:

1) Component to be removed from the feed must preferentially
distribute in the solvent
2) The feed and solvent phases must be substantially immiscible
) The solution which is to be extracted is called the feed, the liquid
with which the feed is contacted is the solvent.
) The feed can be considered as comprising the solute A and the
carrier liquid C. Solvent S is a pure liquid.
) The solvent-rich product of the operation is called the extract,
and the residual liquid from which solutes has been removed is
the raffinate.

TYPE OF EQUIPMENT
1. Mixer- Settler for Extraction
For typical mixer settler,mixer or
agitator is entirely separate from the
settler. The feed of aqueous phase and
organic phase are mixed in the
mixer,then the mixed phases are
separated in the settler.
For combined mixer settler,sometimes
used in extraction of uranium salts or
copper salts from aqueous solution.

2. Spray Extraction Towers

The heavy liquid enters at the top of the
sprays tower,fill the tower as the continuous
phase,and flow out through the bottom.
The light liquid enters through a nozzle
distributor at the bottom,which disperses or
sprays the droplets upward.
The light liquid coalesces at the top and
flows out.
In some cases the heavy liquid is sprayed
downward into a rising,light continuous
phase.

3. Packed Extraction Tower

More effective tower-made by
packing the column with random
packing such as Raschig rings,Berl
saddles and Pall rings.
Packing cause the droplets to
coalesce and redisperse at frequent
intervals through the tower.
Packed tower is more efficient than
spray tower.

4. PERFORATED-PLATE (SIEVE-TRAY) EXTRACTION

TOWER
Used for dispersion of liquid drops and coalescence on each tray.
The down comers carry the heavier continuous liquid phase from
one tray to the next.
The light dispersed phase coalesces below the tray, jets up to
the tray above, and then coalesces on the tray above.
The holes in the tray are 0.32-0.64cm in diameter.
The % of open tray area is 15-25% of the column cross-sectional
area.
Tray spacings used are 10-25cm.

5. Pulsed packed AND SIEVE-TRAY TOWERS

Many types of towers that are mechanically agitated to increase the mass transfer efficiency
and the throughput.

1) PULSED PACKED
TOWERS
Reduces the HETS
considerably, by about a
factor of 2 or so.
Pulsing-useful in handling
liquids with high
interfacial tensions, up to
30-40dyn/cm(Wt).
Pulsing-uniform across
the cross section.

2) PULSED SIEVE-TRAY TOWERS

Amplitude used are 0.6-2.5cm.
Frequencies are 100250cycles/min.
Hole size is 0.32cm diameter.
20-25% free space on tray and
5.1cm(2 in.) tray spacing.
During upward pulsing-light liquid
is forced through the holes and
droplets rise to the tray above.
During downward pulsing-heavy
liquid behaved in similar manner.

6. MECHANICALLY AGITATED EXTRACTION

TOWER
1) SCHEIBEL TOWER

A series of rotating turbine agitators form dispersion

which coalesces in passing through the knitted mesh
Then, the mixture is passed through the outer settlin
zone.
The tower operates as a series of mixer-settler
extraction.
Operates with high efficiencies.

2) KARR RECIPROCATING-PLATE TOWER

The perforated trays are moved up and down to increase

agitation and to pulse the liquids.
This result in a more uniform drop-size distribution because
the shear forces are more uniform over the tower cross
section.
Amplitude of plate movement is 2.5cm(1in.).
100-150 strokes/min.
Plate spacing is 5-15cm.
Tray contains holes of 1.4cm diameter and open space of 5060%.

APPLICATION OF LIQUID-LIQUID
EXTRACTION IN INDUSTRY

1. Wool Wax Alcohol

Wool wax alcohol can be extracted following the
saponification of wool grease. Another typical
application in this field is the purification step in the
manufacture of lanolin (ingredient in cosmetics) from
wool grease.
This purification process comprises the removal of
free fatty acids present in the estolide by liquid-liquid
extraction using an alcohol, preferably ethanol or
methanol, as solvent.

Wool taken directly from the sheep is

called "raw" or "grease wool." It contains
sand, dirt, grease, and dried sweat
To remove these contaminants, the wool is
scoured in a series of alkaline baths
containing water, soap, and soda ash or a
similar alkali.
The by-products from this process (such as
lanolin) are saved and used in a variety of
household products.

2. Pesticides
Pesticides are produced in the agrochemical industry,
where our liquid-liquid extraction process has
purposes for the treatment of wastewater and the
recovery of the chemical compound for re-use.
Pesticide residues reach the aquatic environment
through direct from agricultural land, leaching,
careless disposal of empty pesticide containers, and
cleaning pesticide application equipment.
The toxic compounds in wastewaters should be
reduced before be released it to the receiving water
streams.

3. Used Oil Recycling

Motor oil is used for lubricating. Thus, many
impurities such as dirt, metal scrapings, water and
chemicals can get mixed, so the oil will be ineffective
for further application
There will be uncontrolled dumping and land filling of
used oil in the environment.
used oil can be re-refined into base lube oil,
reprocessed as fuel oil, or used as feedstock to
produce petroleum-based products or other
commercially valuable products

4. Neutralizing Acids and Bases

Various chemicals are available for industrial neutralization depending
upon the application and whether you are neutralizing an acid or base
liquid.
In most cases, Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) will
be used. The enduser
must consider the concentration to be used,
must carefully analyze all the chemistry involved,
must review manufacturers' warnings and instructions, and
must consider common safety measures for hazardous liquids.
Other chemicals may be preferred based upon the amount of waste, the
pH extremes expected, operating costs, batch versus continuous
considerations, secondary reactions that might occur with the waste
chemicals, storage issues, and other process design concerns.

 Neutralization with Acid

Neutralization with Caustic
Neutralization with CO2
Mixing chemicals is always potentially dangerous.

5. Fermentation and Algae Broths

Fermentation processes utilize microorganisms to
convert solid or liquid substrates into various
products.
The substrates used vary widely, any material that
supports microbial growth being a potential
substrate.
Mushroom cultivation, bread making, processing of
cocoa, manufacture of traditional foods; soy paste,
soy sauce, soybean cake (tempe). Also, for
fermented meat, sausage and also yoghurt making.