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6 metres of tube!
Specialised areas of
alimentary canal
MOUTH
PHARYNX
OESOPHAGUS
STOMACH
DUODENUM +ILEUM =
SMALL INTESTINE
COLON + CAECUM +
APPENDIX + RECTUM
= LARGE INTESTINE
ANUS
DIGESTION
Definition-
mouth
Mixes food with saliva
lubrication, neutral
pH
saliva contains
lysozyme + salivary
amylase
starch > maltose
Starch hydrolysis
Salivary glands
swallowing
bolus of food forced down oesophagus,
not trachea!
Epiglottis closes
OESOPHAGUS
25cm muscular tube
connecting mouth
with stomach
secretion of mucus
peristalsis forces food
down
action of salivary
amylase continues
STOMACH
muscular sac temporary reservoir for
food
closed by rings of muscle cardiac
sphincter at top, pyloric sphincter at base
holds up to 5li for up to 3-4 hours
Stomach
has circular,
longitudinal + oblique
muscles
And internal ridges
mix food into soupy
liquid chyme
physical digestion
Gastric juice
pepsin a protease,
an endopeptidase
breaks peptide bonds
within a
polypeptide/protein
secreted as
pepsinogen,
activated by HCl
?
How do you break a peptide bond?
By hydrolysis [adding a molecule of water]
The reaction is catalysed by a protease
enzyme
What is an endopeptidase?
A protease enzyme that acts on peptide
bonds within the polypeptide
Gastric juice
rennin coagulates milk protein only in
babies
Gastric juice
gastric lipase- lipids > fatty acids +
glycerol
Gastric band*
Gastric by-pass*
SMALL INTESTINE
DUODENUM
tube leaving stomach
pancreatic duct brings secretions from
liver bile, and pancreas pancreatic
juice
bile
greenish liquid [contains bile pigments
from the recycling of haemoglobin]
0.75 li/day
stored in gall bladder, released when
needed
Bile
alkaline [high pH] neutralises stomach
acid, creates right pH for action of
pancreatic enzymes
contains no enzymes
Bile
pancreatic juice
alkaline
pancreatic amylase
starch > maltose
pancreatic lipase
fats > fatty acids +
glycerol
All hydrolysis
reactions [adding
water]
Pancreatic juice
trypsin a protease and
endopeptidase
chymotrypsin a
protease and
endopeptidase
Secreted in inactive forms
Working at certain
peptide bonds within a
polypeptide
Pancreatic juice
carboxypeptidase
a protease and
exopeptidase
Breaking off amino
acids[hydrolysing
peptide bonds] from
the ends of
polypeptides
Dont forget!
bile and pancreatic juice act within the
duodenum
ILEUM
pancreatic enzymes
still working
ileum wall contains
structures called villi
for absorption of food
[more later!]
villi
epithelial cells of villi
contain enzymes in
their cell membranes
as food is absorbed,
enzymes do final
stages of digestion
villi
Action of sucrase
*Fructose
Can be converted to glycogen in the liver
ABSORPTION
of small soluble molecules into blood or
lymph
MOUTH
some absorption through thin epithelium
under tongue and cheek epithelium
certain drugs for angina, vomiting
homeopathic remedies
some alcohol
STOMACH
some small, lipid-soluble molecules can
go through stomach wall into blood
capillaries
alcohol
aspirin and other pain killers
SMALL INTESTINE
main region for
absorption
lined with tiny hairs
called villi
To increase surface
area in contact with
food
each containing blood
capillaries and lymph
vessels [lacteals]
villi
Epithelial cells have microvilli
To increase surface area still more
villi
blood capillaries absorb
glucose, other
monosaccharides, amino
acids, vitamins, minerals,
water
Mostly by diffusion, some
active transport
capillaries join hepatic
portal vein to liver, where
some foods are stored or
processed [more later!]
villi
lacteals absorb fatty acids and glycerol
lipids re-form here, hence milky
appearance of lacteal
lymph vessels eventually join blood
system
COLON
RECTUM
short tube for temporary storage of faeces
ANUS
surrounded by anal sphincters under
voluntary control in adults
faeces contain indigestible and undigested
food, bacteria, lining cells, bile pigment