Social science

Histor ical development

CONTENT
Here we are going to discuss about some important civilization that
existed in the world
In the course of human evolution ,at a certain
point in time , the idea of living in a group with mutual
understanding and dependency became a very useful and
practical lifestyle. From such small isolated group, communities
were formed. Then came the societies which in due time became a
civilization. How the human mentality and psychology lead to this
huge change is still a popular topic among the historians and
anthropologist, and a major discussion for another day. For now ,
lets talk about some of the oldest civilization to have ever existed
in the world we are talking about the civilization that we know, as
fact, existed for real, unlike the ones that are shrouded by myths
and beliefs . To correctly map the oldest of the civilizations in a
chronological order, it becomes necessary to go the very cradle of
civilization .Having said that, here is a list of top 10 oldest
civilizations to ever exist in the world , starting with the most
recent one first.

civilization

A civilization is any complex society

characterized by urban development, social
stratification, symbolic communication form and
a percieved separation from and domination over
the natural environment by a cultural elite.
Civilizations are intimately associated with and
often further defined by other socio-politicoeconomic characteristics, including
centralization, the domestication of both humans
and other organisms specialization of labour ,
culturally ingrained ideologies of progress and
superemacism, monumental architecture,
taxation, societal dependence upon farming as an
cultural practice, and expansionism.

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

The excavations revealed that a civilization had

existed in the valleys of the river Indus and its
tributaries. Hence, this civilization came to be known
as INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION.
The first excavation was conducted in harappa in
present pakistan. It was led by daya ram sahni. Since
the first evidence for the indus valley civilization was
obtained from harappa, this civilization is also known
as the HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION. It was R D Banerji,
who led the excavation in mohenjodaro in the present
pakistan. Further researches on this civilization are
going on.
The Harappan civilization stretched across the region
ranging from the western part of pakistan to
alamgirpur in UP, and from kashmir in the north to
the Narmada valley in the south. The period of this
civilization is generally placed between BCE 2700 and
BCE 1700.

Main features of the city

We have seen that it was the hardness of the bricks
they came across that amazed the labourers. The key
feature of the harappan cities was the use of hard
burnt bricks. All buildings were built of burnt
bricks.the cities harappa, mohenjodaro, and lothal all
had two parts.
Houses were built along both sides of planned streets.
They were of varying structures . Some houses had
only one room, whereas others had more rooms,
courtyards a well. Every house had a toilet.
The drainage system was anather feature of these
cities. The waste water from the houses was let out into
the drains. These drains were connected to the main
drain of the streets. The drains were built of burnt
bricks and covered with stone slabs. Effective drainage
system existed even in small towns and villages

PRESENTED BY GEEMOL ALEX

ROLL NO: 40
B ED STUDENT,
OF UCT THOTTAKKADU