ROOF-TOP PHOTO-VOLTIC

SYSTEM

NON-CONVENTIONAL
ENERGY
Renewable energy is energy derived from natural
resources that replenish themselves over a period of
time without depleting the Earth's resources.
These resources also have the benefit of being
abundant, available in some capacity nearly
everywhere, and they cause little, if any, environmental
damage

Examples:1. Biomass.
2. Wind Energy.
3. Geothermal Energy.
4. Hydel Energy.
5. Solar Energy

Why non conventional energy

Electricity generation is the leading cause

of industrial air pollution in the India and
other countries.
Most of our electricity comes from coal,
nuclear, and other non-renewable power
plants. Producing energy from these
resources takes a severe toll on our
environment, polluting our air, land, and
water.

fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas are

not renewable, since their quantity is finiteonce
we have extracted them they will not be
available for use
While they are produced through natural
processes, these processes are too slow to
replenish these fuels as quickly as humans use
them, so these sources will run out sooner or later.

Cause a major part of pollution

It also has a bad effect on our environment
generation of electricity from conventional sources
66% of the nation's sulfur dioxide (SO2), which
causes acid rain, comes from electricity
generation.
25% of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which react with
sunlight to create ground level ozone and smog,
come from electricity generation
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a climate change gas
that causes global warming ,is majorly produced
from industries and power generation companies.

 In a developing country like India ,we need a

sustainable development.
We have to produce electric power at a cheaper
cost and without a much harm on our
ecosystem .
We cant depend on conventional energy
sources as they will not last long enough and it also
has a hazardous impact on our environment,
So we have to adopt the renewable energy sources
as the source of power generation .

Advantages of renewable
sources
Cheaper and Renewable
benefit of being abundant
available in some capacity nearly everywhere
Energy Security
does not cause pollution and are eco-friendly
inexhaustible resources

no depletion of natural resources

produce very little or no waste products

India is the first country in the world to form a

separate Ministry for promoting and implementing
nonconventional and renewable energy generation
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy(MNRE).
The MNRE has projected a capacity addition of
about 29,800 MW from renewable energy sources
during 12th Plan period. It is expected that by the
end of the 12th Five Year Plan the contribution of
renewable power in the total installed capacity would
be in the range of 16 to 17% .

Solar energy
Solar energy is radiant light and heat
from the Sun that is harnessed using a
range of ever-evolving technologies
such as solar heating, photovoltics, solar thermal energy

Among the various renewable energy sources, solar

energy has attained worldwide recognition; because
its plenty of availability,
clean energy
environment friendly,
lesser maintenance
noise less and
more reliable
India is most suitable for solar energy receiving
highest solar isolation, with 300 sunny days India
can generate 600TW of power
17% of power generated from solar out of total
renewable energy sources in installed capacity in
India.

Challenges:solar energy system having some drawbacks,

these are initial cost of solar energy system is
high, space required more for installation of
plant, and life span of the solar cell is less.

Govt. Support: to overcome

the challenges
To overcome the above challenges and to improve
the solar energy government has provided support
these are given below.
51 Solar Radiation Resource Assessment
stations have been installed across India by the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy(MNRE) to
monitor the availability of solar energy.
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
provides 70% subsidy on the installation cost of a
solar photovoltaic power plant in North-East states
and 30% subsidy on other regions.

Solar energy can be produce mainly in two ways of

commercial process.
1. Concentrated solar thermal plants (CSP)
2. Photo voltaic.

Concentrated solar thermal

plants (CSP)
Concentrated solar power ( concentrated solar
thermal, and CSP) systems generate solar
power by using mirrors or lenses to concentrate
a large area of sunlight, or solar thermal energy,
onto a small area. Electricity is generated when
the concentrated light is converted to heat,
which drives a heat engine (usually a steam
turbine) connected to an electrical power
generator

Photo-voltaic
method.
In this method light energy is converted
into electrical energy using Photo-Voltaic
cell.

Solar Rooftop
System
In a solar rooftop system, the solar
panels are installed in the roof of any
residential, commercial, institutional and
industrial buildings. This can be of two
types
Solar Rooftop System with storage
facility using battery,
Grid Connected Solar Rooftop System.

Solar Rooftop System with Storage facility

Such rooftop system has battery as storage facility.
The solar electricity is stored in the battery and
can be utilized during night also when the sun is not
available.
Grid Connected Solar Rooftop System
In grid connected rooftop system, the DC power
generated from PV panel is converted to AC power
using power conditioning unit and is connected with
the grid for purpose of load shearing and grid
feeding.

Advantages of Grid-Connected
Rooftop Solar System
Electricity generation at the consumption

center and hence Savings in transmission

and distribution losses
Low gestation time
No requirement of additional land or
transmission or distribution system
Local employment generation

PHOTOVOLTAIC
CELL
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell is an electrical
device that converts the energy of light directly
into electricity by the photoelectric effect.
The photoelectric effect refers to photons of light
exciting electrons into a higher state of energy, allowing
them to act as charge carriers for an electric current
The photovoltaic cell was discovered by AlexanderEdmond Becquerel in 1839, in a junction formed
between an electrode (platinum) and an electrolyte
(silver chloride).
The first photovoltaic device was built, using a Si pn
junction, by Russell Ohl in 1939.

How does PV technology work?

A simple solar cell is a pn junction diode

The n region is heavily doped and thin so

that the light can penetrate through it easily.
The p region is lightly doped so that most of
the depletion region lies in the p side.
The penetration depends on the
wavelength and the absorption coefficient
increases as the wavelength decreases.

Photons strike and create electron-hole pair and due to

the electric field, electrons move to the n region and the
holes to the p region.

When an external load is applied, the excess electrons

travel through the load to recombine with the excess
holes. Electrons and holes are also generated with the p
and n regions.

The shorter wavelengths (higher absorption coefficient)

are absorbed in the n region and the longe wavelengths
are absorbed in the bulk of the p region.

Figure : Principle of operation of a p-n junction solar cell.

Modelling of equivalent
circuit of PV Cell

FIG: The equivalent circuit of a solar cell and PV device.

PV cells can be modeled as a current source in parallel with a

diode. When there is no light present to generate any current
the PV cell behaves like a diode. As the intensity of incident
light increases, current is generated by the PV cell. (for non
ideal cell)
In an ideal cell, the total current I is equal to the current I ph
generated by the photoelectric effect minus the diode
current ID, according to the equation:
I = Iph - ID (for ideal cell)
I = Iph ID - Ish (for non ideal cell)

Vt=junction thermal voltage

Iph - the photo-generated current in STC (standard test condition)
Io - dark saturation current in STC
Rs - panel series resistance
Rsh - panel parallel (shunt)resistance
A - diode quality (ideality) factor
q is the elementary charge 1.6x10-19 Coulombs
k is a constant of value 1.38x10-23J/K
T is the cell temperature in Kelvin
V is the measured cell voltage that is either produced or applied (voltage
bias).
When the load is short circuited then there will be no forward bias diode
current . So the photoelectric current will be equal to short circuit current
(ISC) i.e I = ISC

The parameters that are normally provided by the datasheet

of the pv module at STC (standard test conditions) are
following:
Isc, Voc, Vmpp, Impp, Pmpp , ki, kv
From these information from the datasheet we will find the
following parameters of pv module:
Iph , Io, Rs, Rsh , A [diode quality (ideality) factor]
Pmax

Imp

200.14 7.61

Ipv

Io

Isc

Ki

Kv

Vmp

8.2146 9.8252e-08

8.21

0.003 26.30
2
0.1230

100
0

298.15

I-V Characteristics

FIG: I-V characteristic of pv cell

FIGURE:SIMULINK OF PV MODULE

The short circuit current ISC corresponds to the short circuit condition
when the impedance is low and is calculated when the voltage equals
0.
I (at V=0) = ISC
ISC occurs at the beginning of the forward-bias sweep and is the
maximum current value in the power quadrant. For an ideal cell, this
maximum current value is the total current produced in the solar cell by
photon excitation.
ISC = IMAX
The open circuit voltage (VOC) occurs when there is no current passing
through the cell.
V (at I=0) = VOC
VOC is also the maximum voltage difference across the cell for a
forward-bias sweep in the power quadrant.
VOC= VMAX
As the intensity of solar irradiation decreases shortcircuit current
decreases (The light generated current is proportional to the flux of
photons) and open circuit voltage decreases very slightly

Effect of solar irradiance

P-V CHARACTERISTIC

FIG: I-V AND P-V CURVE OF PV MODULE

P-V Characteristic of
solar cell

Block diagram of roof top pv system

PV CELL
,kknsas

DC-DC
CONVERTER

MPPT

Inverter

L
O
A
D

FIG: DURING HIGH LOAD

Block diagram of roof top pv system

PV CELL
,kknsas

DC-DC
CONVERTER

Inverter

L
O
A
D

MPPT

FIG: DURING LIGHT LOAD