SPECIES

DIVERSITY
-Ecology-

Species diversity

INTRODUCTION
(Palarca)

Species diversity

 Species- Largest group of organisms

capable of interbreeding and
producing fertile offspring.
Diversity- A state of being diverse
or variety.
- A range of different
things.

Species diversity

SPECIES DIVERSITY
- number or variety of species in a particular
region.
- number of different species that are
represented in a given community (a
dataset)
-incorporates
boththe
number
of
species in a
community (species
richness)and
the
evenness
of
species abundances.

Species diversity

How many species

are there?

Species diversity

Types of
Species
(Estose&Rabongue)

Species diversity

3 Types of Species:
Endemic species
- is one whose habitat is restricted to a
particular area; often endangered
- differs from indigenous, or native,
(although it occurs naturally in an area,
is also found in other areas.)

Species diversity

2 Types of Endemic Species:

paleoendemic
-confined to just one area.
neoendemic species.
-two populations evolve differently,
because they cannot interbreed with one
another, and eventually they are
sufficiently different from one another to
be classified as separate species.
Species diversity

 Exotic Species
-is any species intentionally or accidentally
transported and released by man into an
environment outside its present range.
-most severe agents of habitat alteration and
degradation, and major cause of the
continuing loss of biological diversity
throughout the world.

Cosmopolitan Species
-Pertinent or common to the whole world.
-Cosmopolitan distributions can be observed
both in extinct and extant species.
Species diversity

Factors Affecting

Species
Diversity
(Corona)

Species diversity

Speciation

-is the evolutionary process by which new

biological species arise.

4 modes:
1. Allopatric- speciation that occurs when
biological populations of the same species
become isolated from each other to an extent
that prevents or interferes with genetic
interchange.

Species diversity

 Parapatric
relationship between organisms whose
ranges do not significantly overlap but
are immediately adjacent to each other;
they only occur together in a narrow
contact zone.

Species diversity

 Peripatric
formation of new species through
evolution.

Species diversity

Species diversity

 Sympatric
is the process through which new
species evolve from a single ancestral
species while inhabiting the same
geographic region.

Species diversity

2 causes of Speciation:
Geographic Isolation
populations were prevented from
interbreeding by geographic isolation.
rivers change course, mountains rise,
continents drift, organisms migrate.

Species diversity

Geographic isolation

Species diversity

 Reduction of Gene Flow

a population extends over a broad
geographic
range,
and
mating
throughout the population is not
random. Individuals in the far west
would have zero chance of mating with
individuals in the far eastern end of the
range.
Species diversity

Species diversity

 Extinction
-is defined as the reduction of a species to
such
low abundance that, although it is still
present in the community, it no longer
interacts significantly with other species.
Causes:
Taking for Profit
Hunting and Trapping
Overharvesting
Introduced Species
Destruction of Habitat
Pollution
Species diversity

Philippine Eagle

Spotted Visayan
Deer

 Migration
- is the moving of individuals of a species
from one place to another

Immigration
- is the migration seen as the settling in one
region (permanently or temporarily) of
individuals coming from another region.
Emigration
- is the migration seen as an exit of
individuals from one region (to another where
they will settle permanently or temporarily).
Species diversity

Positive impacts of

invasive
species

alien

(Imperial)

Species diversity

 Helps to keep the environment in a

natural balance
- an ecosystem which is species-rich is more
resilient and adaptable to external stress
than one in which the range of species is
limited.
- In a system where species are limited, the
loss or temporary reduction of any one could
disrupt a complex food chain with serious
effects on other species in that same system.

Species diversity

 Provide beneficial products

- tropical rainforests, in particular, have
provided
many beneficial products, from
natural
medicines to biological control
agents for agriculture.
Food
- access to a wide variety of species and
genes within those species can be used to
meet the changing needs of the worlds
population in many ways, by using
techniques such as selective breeding
crossbreeding or even genetic manipulation.
Species diversity

Negative impacts of

invasive
species

alien

(Salva , Jabol, Visto, Ebcas,Acle)

Species diversity

Invasive species
-is an organism that causes ecological or economic
harm in a new environment where it is not native.
Here are some ways invasive species impact native
ecosystems:

Habitat modification
Compete with native species for resources
Predation of native species
Herbivory on native plants
Bring in pathogens
Hybridize with natives, leading to loss of
genetic diversity
Species diversity

 Economic

loss or reduced efficiency of production.

the introduction and spread of alien
invasive species can have major
implications for trade which will depend
on the policy response of trading
partners.
Predators
-reduce

the population sizes of native

species, or even drive them extinct,
because native prey species may not have
evolved defenses against the novel
Species diversity
predators

 Genes
- If introduced or spread into habitats
with closely related species, alien
invasive species could interbreed with
native species resulting in changes to
the genetic makeup of either species

Hybridization:
- species' genetic compositions can
change drastically by mating with closely
related species, making the less common
species extinct by hybridization.
Species diversity

 Species
- Alien invasive species can influence species
diversity, richness, composition and abundance.
- At the species level, direct effects of alien
invasive species occur through processes such
as;
a. Predation
b. Competition
c. Pathogens/diseases
d. Parasite transmission to individual organisms
*eventually leading to population declines and
species extinctions

Species diversity

 Habitats
- through their impacts on species and
ecosystem processes, alien invasive species
can result in;
a. Fragmentation
-is the process by which habitat loss
results in the division of large, continuous
habitats
into
smaller,
more
isolated
remnants.

Species diversity

b. Destruction
-is the process in which naturalhabitatis
rendered functionally unable to support the
species present.
c. Alteration
-is a change in land
d. Complete replacement of habitats
*which in turn affects pecies and ecosystem
processes.
Species diversity

 Ecosystems
-the impacts of alien invasive species at
the ecosystem level include changes to;
a. trophic structures
b. changes in the availability of resources
- water
- nutrients
c. changes in the disturbance regimes.

Species diversity

 Social and Health

- a loss of food sources and
traditional medicines may be
experienced thereby compromising not
only the health of local people but also
the livelihoods of those dependent on the
collection and sale of such items for
income.

Species diversity