Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Refrigeration and
Airconditioning
INTRODUCTION
Refrigeration may be defined as the process of
Parts of a Refrigerator
To accomplish the task of producing the
cooling
effect, a refrigerator must consist of the
following
main parts,
1.Evaporator
2.Circulating System
3.Condenser
4.Expansion Device
Parts of a
Refrigerator
Parts of a Refrigerator
Refrigeration
cycle
3
Condenser
High
Pressure
Side
4
Expansion
Device
Compressor
1
Evaporator
Low
Pressure
Side
1.
Evaporator
In
the evaporator (heart
of the refrigerator)
liquid refrigerant is evaporated by the
1.
absorption of heat from the refrigerator
cabinet in which the substances which have to
be cooled are kept.
The evaporator consists of simply metal tubing
which surrounds around the freezing and
cooling compartments to produce the cooling
effect required for freezing ice or lowering the
temperature of perishables placed in the
cooling compartment.
Since it produces the cooling effect it is also
sometimes called as cooling coil or freezer coil.
Low
pressure
liquid
refrigerant in evaporator
absorbs heat and changes
Condenser
to a gas
3
High
Pressure
Side
4
Expansion
Device
Compressor
1
Evaporator
Low
Pressure
Side
2. Circulating
System
The
3
High
Pressure
Side
4
Expansion
Device
Compressor
1
Evaporator
Low
Pressure
Side
3.
Condens
A condenser is an appliance in which the heat
from
er the refrigerant is rejected at higher
temperature to another medium, usually the
atmospheric air.
In a condenser the refrigerant vapour gives off
its latent heat to the air and consequently
condenses into liquid so that it can be
recirculated in the refrigeration cycle.
The latent heat of the refrigerant that is given
off in the condenser comprises mainly of the
heat absorbed in the refrigerator cabinet and
the heat developed due to compression.
Condenser
High
Pressure
Side
4
Expansion
Device
Compressor
1
Evaporator
Low
Pressure
Side
4. Expansion
Device
An expansion valve serves as a device to
Liquid
passes
through
expansion device, which
reduces its pressure and
controls the flow into the
evaporator
3
Condenser
High
Pressure
Side
4
Expansion
Device
Compressor
1
Evaporator
Low
Pressure
Side
Coefficient of Performance
The performance of a refrigeration system is
COP=Q/W
Refrigerant
In a refrigerator, a medium called refrigerant
Ammonia
in
vapour
absorption
refrigerator.
Carbon dioxide - in marine refrigerators.
Sulphur dioxide - in household refrigerators.
Methyl chloride - in small scale refrigeration
and domestic refrigerators.
Freon -12 - in domestic vapour compression
refrigerators.
Freon-22 - in Air Conditioners.
1. Ammonia
Ammonia
as a refrigerant is employed in
refrigerators operating on the absorption
principles. Because of its high latent heat (1300
kJ/kg at -15C) and low specific volume
(0.509mVkg at -15C) it produces high
refrigeration effects even in small refrigerators.
Since ammonia will not harm the ozone, it is
environmental friendly. It is widely used in cold
storage, ice making plants, etc.
Its toxic, flammable, irritating and food
destroying properties makes it unsuitable for
domestic refrigerators.
2. Carbon dioxide
The efficiency of the refrigerators using carbon dioxide
3. Sulphur dioxide
Earlier sulphur dioxide was one of the most commonly
4. Methyl Chloride
Methyl chloride was used earlier in domestic and small
5. Freon
Freon group of refrigerants is used almost universally in
domestic refrigerators.
These refrigerants are colourless, almost odourless,
non-toxic, non-inflammable, non-explosive and noncorrosive, Freon-12 and Freon-22 are the two freon
refrigerants commonly used in domestic refrigerators
and air conditioners.
Although these refrigerants are being now used
extensively in the refrigerators and the air conditioners,
it has been found that these refrigerants posing a major
threat to the global environment through their role in
the destruction of the ozone layer.
1. Boiling Point
An ideal refrigerant must have low boiling
temperature at atmospheric pressure.
2. Freezing Point
An ideal refrigerant must have a very low
freezing point because the refrigerant should
not freeze at low evaporator temperatures.
3. Evaporator and Condenser Pressure
In order to avoid the leakage of the
atmospheric air and also to enable the
detection of the leakage of the refrigerant,
both the evaporator and condenser pressures
should be slightly above the atmospheric
pressure.
9. Corrosiveness
A good refrigerant should be noncorrosive to prevent the corrosion of the
metallic parts of the refrigerators.
10. Chemical Stability
An ideal refrigerant must not decompose
under operating conditions.
11. Coefficient of Performance
The coefficient of performance of a
refrigerant must be high so that the
energy spent in refrigeration will be less.
12. Odour
A
good refrigerant must be odourless;
otherwise some foodstuff such as meat, butter,
etc. loses their taste.
13. Leakage Tests
The refrigerant must be such that any leakage
can be detected by simple tests.
14. Action with Lubricating Oil
A good refrigerant must not react with the
lubricating oil used in lubricating the parts of
the compressor.
The
mechanical
refrigerator
systems are
classified as :
1.
Vapour
Compression
Refrigerator
2. Vapour Absorption Refrigerator
1. Vapour compression
refrigerator
Vapour compression
refrigerator
In a vapour compression refrigerator, vapour is
It consists of an
The
Hence
2. Vapour absorption
refrigerator
The
Room Air-conditioning
wall
content
The