GEMS Minitab Handbook 13

For Additional Information . . .
The materials in this handbook were developed by

Master Black Belts at General Electric Medical
Systems to assist Black Belts and Green Belts in
completing Minitab Analyses. It is assumed that the
user has a basic understanding of statistical tools.
Please feel free to contact us if you would like

additional copies of this or other Six Sigma material,
or have any questions, comments, or suggestions.
Stephanie Spencer
414.548.4673
8* 320.4673
GEMS-Am Six Sigma Office

414.548.5111
8* 320.5111
1 Rev 1
Overview of Key Changes from Minitab Version 10
Added Features: More

Info?
✷ Added Six Sigma 밚 1?Analysis 18
✷ Six Sigma 밚 1?& 밚 2?as Drop Down Menu 18,22
Items
28
✷ Gage R&R Studies as Drop Down Menu Items
76
✷ New DoE Interface
10
✷ Improved Mathematical Manipulations with 밅 x
alculator
62
✷ Graphing Options Added to Many Analysis Dialog x
Boxes
58
✷ New Probability Plot for Lognormal, Weibull and x
Exponential Distributions
90
✷ Fitted Line Plots Include Options for Quadratic x
and Cubic as well as Linear
24
✷ Box-Cox Transformations
7
✷ Toolbars (Windows 95 only)
Minitab
✷ Insert and Delete Columns Help
✷ Launch Minitab and Open Files from File
Manager or Explorer
✷ Session Window Does Not Display Command
Language Unless Selected
✷ Longer File Names (Windows 95 only)
2 Rev 1
Table of Contents
The Basics -- PAGE

• Minitab Windows 6
• Toolbars 7
• Performing Calculations 10
Working with Data --
• Changing Data Type 14
• Stacking Data / Data Blocks 16
• Creating Patterned Data 20
• Re-coding Data 22
• Transforming Data 24
Gather Tools --
• Gage R&R 28
• The 밚 1?-- Product Report 32
• The 밚 2?-- Process Report 34
Graphing --
• Statistical Problem Description 40
• Basic Plot 46
• Graph Brushing & Editing 48
• Copying to Other Applications 51
• Grouping Variables 52
• Multi-vari Plots 54
• Box Plots 56
• Normal Probability Plots 58
Statistical Tests --
• One Sample t-tests 62
• Two Sample t-tests 64
• Homogeneity of Variance 66
• Analysis of Variance 68
• Chi Squared 70
DoE --
• Create Factorial DoE Design 76
• Analyze Factorial DoE Design 78
• Analyze Custom Factorial DoE Design 80
• Main Effects Plot 82
• Interaction Plots 84
Regression --
• Regression 88
• Fitted Line Plots 90
• Residuals Analysis 92
3 Rev 1
The Basics --
6σ
• Minitab Windows
• Toolbars
• Performing Calculations
5 Rev 1
Minitab Basics
Minitab Windows
Menu Bar
Session Window:
• Analytical Output
Data Window:
• A Worksheet, not a Spreadsheet
• Column names are above first row
• Everything in a column is considered
to be the same variable
Info Window: History Window:

• Synopsis of worksheet • Stores Commands
✷ Four Interactive Windows.

✷ Only One Open at a Time.
✷ Windows Saved Separately.
6 Rev 1
Toolbars -- Windows 95
The Data Window Toolbar
Manage Graphs
Open File Insert Cells
Save File Insert Rows

Close Graphs
Insert Columns
Print Window Cancel
Move Columns
Clear Cells
Cut Previous Brushed Row

Help
Copy Next Brushed Row
Paste Last Dialog Box
Undo Session Window
Data Window
These commands can also be

found in drop down menus, or
accessed with shortcut keys.
7 Rev 1
The Session Window Toolbar
Manage Graphs
Open File Previous Command
Next Command
Save File Close Graphs
Find
Print Window Cancel
Find Next
Cut
Help
Copy
Undo Session Window
Data Window

8 Rev 1
The Graph Window Toolbar
Manage Graphs
Open File View Mode
Save File Edit Mode Close Graphs

Brush Mode
Print Window Cancel
Cut
Help
Copy
Undo Session Window
Data Window

9 Rev 1
Mathematical Calculations
Setting it up --
Select:
Calc > Calculator Enter column
where results of
calculation will be
stored.
Enter
formula. Can
click on
functions
from list
and/or keys.
Click OK to get results.
10 Rev 1
Mathematical Calculations
The Worksheet Output --
Original data Log (c1)
Note: The output column DOES NOT

update if a value in a input column is
changed. The column will only update if
commands are executed again.
11 Rev 1
Working with
Data --
•
•
•
•
•
6σ
Changing Data Type
Stacking Data / Data Blocks
Creating Patterned Data
Re-coding Data
Transforming Data
13 Rev 1
Changing Data Type
Setting it up --
If a column is coded as text and needs to be recoded
as numeric --
Select:
Manip > Change Data Type > Text to Numeric
The Initial Column. Column to
Note text is left be changed.
justified.
Column for
converted
data. May
be same
column as
original, if
Other recoding options desired.
14 Rev 1
Changing Data Type
Column type is now numeric.

Note that numeric columns
are right justified.
Non numeric values are

replaced with asterisk.
15 Rev 1
Stack Data
Setting it up --
Select:
Manip > Stack/Unstack > Stack
The Initial
Worksheet.
Enter columns
to stack. First
column entered
will be at top of
the stacked
column followed
by second
column, etc.
Enter
column for
the stacked
output.
Subscripts can be used to

identify the separate input Click OK to get results.
columns.
16 Rev 1
Stack Data
Data from the three

original columns is now
stacked into one column.
}
Subscripts can
}
be used to
identify original
column/group.
17 Rev 1
Stack Data Blocks
Setting it up --
Select:
Manip > Stack/Unstack > Stack Blocks
Columns contained in first Columns contained in
data block. These will be second data block. Up to
across columns at top of five blocks can be stacked
stacked block. with this dialog box.
Columns to store new

stacked blocks.
Optional subscript
columns for tracking
block origin.
18 Rev 1
Stack Data Blocks
Original data First data block
Second data block Optional subscript column.

Can use to track blocks. In
this example, the first block
contained data for standard
equipment, the second
contained data for new
equipment.
19 Rev 1
Create Patterned Data
Setting it up --
Select:
Calc > Make Patterned Data > Simple Set of Numbers
Select column
that will contain
the patterned First
data. number in
pattern.
Last
number in
pattern.
Increment
number by ?
Use to
repeat
numbers,
i.e.
1,1,2,2...
Use to repeat entire
list, i.e. 1,2,3,1,2,3...
Note: Date/Time sequence data can be generated with

Calc > Make Patterned Data > Date/Time Values
20 Rev 1
Create Patterned Data

Example shown An example for An example for a
in dialog box. repeated values. date sequence.
Any patterned sequence

can be generated.
21 Rev 1
Re-coding Data
Setting it up --
To improve 뱔 ser friendliness?of graphs by using
text labels --
The Initial
Column.
Select:
Manip > Code > Numeric to Text
Select initial Shift
column with Select column

numeric data. for text data.
Enter
numeric
data
value.
Enter text data

corresponding
to numeric data.
Other
recoding Click OK to get results.
options
22 Rev 1
Recoding Data
Column type is now text.
1 뭩 in original column
were replaced with First
Shift, 2 뭩 with Second
Shift,
3 뭩 with Third Shift.
A sample application is
graphs generated with
X variables as text.
Text to numeric coding
may be needed for
statistical analyses.
23 Rev 1
Transforming Data
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > Control Charts > Box-Cox Transformation
(Note: This transformation is for positive data only!)
Enter subgroup
Data to be size if applicable.
Transformed. If not, use 1.
Column for
Transformed Data.
24 Rev 1
Transforming Data
Original Data. Transformed Data.
The Graphical Output --

Box-Cox Plot for time
Transform
95% Confidence Interval
Last Iteration Info power used to
Lambda StDev
2.5 Low -0.056 0.593 generate C2.
Est 0.000 0.593
Up 0.056 0.593
Transformation Power(p)
StDev
Cube 3
1.5
Square 2
No Change 1
Square Root 0.5

0.5
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Logarithm 0
Lambda Reciprocal Root -0.5
Reciprocal -1
Objective is to minimize
standard deviation. 95 %
confidence interval for
lambda (power).
25 Rev 1
Gather Tools --
6σ
• Gage R&R
• The 밚 1?-- Product Report
• The 밚 2?-- Process Report
27 Rev 1
Gage R&R
Setting it up --
Select: Stat > Quality Tools > Gage R & R Studies
Enter columns
containing data for :
Enter tolerance
range.
Click OK (twice) to get results.
28 Rev 1
Gage R&R
How do the
How much average readings How do the
variation is for each operator distribution of
coming from compare? readings for
the parts? each operator
compare?
Gage name:
Date of study:
Gage R&R (ANOVA) for Measure Reported by:
Tolerance:
Misc:
Xbar Chart by Operator Operator*Part Interaction

1.1 1 2 3 1.1 Operator
1.0 1.0
Sample Mean
1
0.9 3.0SL=0.8796 0.9 2
Average
0.8 X=0.8075 0.8
-3.0SL=0.7354 3
0.7 0.7
0.6
0.5 0.6
0.4 0.5
0.3 0.4
0 Part ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
R Chart by Operator By Operator

How much 0.15 1 2 3 1.1
1.0
Sample Range
3.0SL=0.1252
0.10 0.9
difference does 0.05
0.8
0.7
R=0.03833 0.6
each operator 0.00 -3.0SL=0.000
0.5
0.4
see between 0 Oper ID 1 2 3
Components of Variation By Part

1st and 2nd 100
90
80
%Total Var
1.1
1.0
%StudyVar
readings? 70 0.9
Percent
60 %Toler 0.8
50
40 0.7
30 0.6
20 0.5
10
0 0.4
Gage R&R Repeat Reprod Part-to-Part Part ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
How much
What percentage of Is repeatability or variation do we
the total variation is reproducibility the see in readings for
coming from the issue? the same part?
gage?
29 Rev 1
Gage R&R
What Contained in the Session

Window Output?
✷ First Table
» ANOVA table
• Shows whether part, operator or part*operator interaction are major
contributors to variations in the data. Look for p-values < .05.
✷ Second Table
» Variance components
» Standard deviations
» A constant multiple of the standard deviations,
usually 5.15*sigma
• 99% of the area under a curve is within an interval 5.15 standard
deviations wide.
• This number is also called the study variation and used to estimate
how wide an interval one would need to capture 99% of the
measurements from a process.
✷ Third Table
» % Contribution to total variation made by each
variance component
• Each component is divided by the total variation then multiplied by
100.
» % Study variation
• Standard Deviation of each component is divided by the total
Standard Deviation. Total WILL NOT sum to 100.
» % Tolerance
• Enter tolerance range (Upper limit - Lower limit) under options, if
desired.
30 Rev 1
Gage R&R
The Session Window Output --

Gage R&R Study - ANOVA Method
ANOVA Table With Operator*Part Interaction
Source DF SS MS F P
What are major
Parts 9 2.05871 0.228745 39.7178 0.00000
Operators 2 0.04800 0.024000 4.1672 0.03256 contributors?
Oper*Part 18 0.10367 0.005759 4.4588 0.00016 Look for p-values
Repeatability 30 0.03875 0.001292
Total 59 2.24912
<.05.
Gage R&R
Source VarComp StdDev 5.15*Sigma
Estimate of interval
Total Gage R&R 0.004437 0.066615 0.34306 needed to capture
Repeatability 0.001292 0.035940 0.18509
Reproducibility 0.003146 0.056088 0.28885 99% of
Operator 0.000912 0.030200 0.15553 measurements.
Oper*Part 0.002234 0.047263 0.24340
Part-To-Part 0.037164 0.192781 0.99282
Total Variation 0.041602 0.203965 1.05042
Source %Contribution %Study Var %Tolerance

% Gage R&R.
Ideal is < 10 %
Total Gage R&R 10.67 32.66 34.31 of tolerance.
Repeatability 3.10 17.62 18.51
Reproducibility 7.56 27.50 28.89
Operator 2.19 14.81 15.55
Oper*Part 5.37 23.17 24.34
Part-To-Part 89.33 94.52 99.28
Total Variation 100.00 100.00 105.04
Number of Distinct Categories = 4

Distinct Categories the
measuring system can
distinguish. If less than 2,
measurement system can
뭪 distinguish. Two is go
/ no go. Need 4 for good
system.
31 Rev 1
Product Report -- 밚 1 Spreadsheet
Setting it up --
Enter Defect Type, Defects, Units, Opportunities
in Data Window --
Select:
Stat > Quality Tools > Six Sigma Product Report
or, if loaded special Six Sigma Disk:
Six Sigma > Six Sigma Product Report
Enter columns Enter columns
containing data for : containing
defect type if
desired:
Enter shift, if
known,
otherwise
default of 1.5σ
will be used.
Click OK.
32 Rev 1
How to do . . . Product Report -- 밚 1 Spreadsheet
The Session Window Output -- ZST

Rollup Statistics
Charact Defs Units Opps TotOpps DPU DPO PPM ZShift ZBench
Spots 14 100 1 100 0.140 0.140000 140000 1.500 2.580
Dimensio 6 100 1 100 0.060 0.060000 60000 1.500 3.055
Welds 14 100 1 100 0.140 0.140000 140000 1.500 2.580
Solder 1 100 50 5000 0.010 0.000200 200 1.500 5.040
Chips 7 100 2 200 0.070 0.035000 35000 1.500 3.312
Others 2 100 1 100 0.020 0.020000 20000 1.500 3.554
Total 44 5600 0.007857 7857 1.500 3.915

Report 7: Product Performance
Characteristic Defs Units Opps TotOpps DPU DPO PPM ZShift ZBench
Spots 14 100 1 100 0.140 0.140000 140000 1.500 2.580
Dimensions 6 100 1 100 0.060 0.060000 60000 1.500 3.055

The spreadsheet
view -- L1 Look-alike.
Welds 14 100 1 100 0.140 0.140000 140000 1.500 2.580
Solder 1 100 50 5000 0.010 0.000200 200 1.500 5.040
Chips 7 100 2 200 0.070 0.035000 35000 1.500 3.312
Others 2 100 1 100 0.020 0.020000 20000 1.500 3.554
Total 44 5600 0.007857 7857 1.500 3.915
Report 8A: Product Benchmarks

PPM
1000000
100000
10000
Where the Z
1000
100
values fall. 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Z.Bench (Short-Term)
Report 8B: Product Benchmarks
Zoneof Average
Z.Shift Technology
3.0
2.5
Four block of Z 2.0
1.5
Zone of
Typical
values (assumes 1.0

Control
1.5σ shift unless a

World-Class
0.5 Performance
0.0
known shift was 0 1 2 3 4

Z.Bench (Short-Term)
5 6
entered).
33 Rev 1
Process Report -- 밚 2 Spreadsheet
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > Quality Tools > Six Sigma Process Report
or, if loaded special Six Sigma Disk:
Six Sigma > Six Sigma Process Report
Note: MUST have subgroups to run!
Click here to select
optional reports 3-
Enter columns 6. Reports 1 and 2
containing are default reports.
subgroups:
Enter Specification
Limits. Target value
Click OK.
is optional.
34 Rev 1

Report 1 Demographics -- Must
enter data in Worksheet.
Click on Help in Dialog
Depiction of Box for format.
Process.
Report 1: Executive Summary
Process Performance Process Demographics
Actual (LT )
Potential (ST) Date: 09/14/95
Reported by: Terry L.
LSL USL Project: Shoe cas

Department: Brake Di
Process: Casting
Characteristic: Hardness
Units:
35.5 36.5 37.5 38.5 39.5 40.5 41.5 42.5 43.5 44.5 Upper Spec: 42
Lower Spec: 38
1,000,000 Nominal: 40
Actual (LT )
Potential (ST) Opportunity:
100,000
10,000
Process Benchmarks
1000
Actual (LT) Potential (ST)
100
Sigma 1.34 1.79
(Z.Bench)
10
PPM 90489.3 36935.4
1
0 10 20 30 40 50
PPM: Process
Number of defects per Entitlement
million parts. Best the process can
be, if centered.
Long Term Process
Performance
Shift = Short Term - Long Term
35 Rev 1

Report 2
Plot of subgroup Plot of subgroup standard
averages. How deviations. How much
much variation is variation is seen within
seen from subgroup subgroups?
to subgroup?
Report 2: Process Capability for C1
Xbar and S Chart Capability Indices

42
3.0SL=41.29 ST LT
41
40 X=40.00 Mean 40.0000 40.0016
39 StDev 0.9586 1.1815
-3.0SL=38.71
38 Z.USL 2.0865 1.6915
Z.LSL 2.0865 1.6942
Subgroup 0 10 20 30 40 50
Z.Bench 1.7874 1.3377
2 3.0SL=1.885
Z.Shift 0.4497 0.4497
P.USL 0.018468 0.045373
1 S=0.9022
P.LSL 0.018468 0.045116
P.Total 0.036935 0.090489
0 -3.0SL=0.000
Yield 96.3065 90.9511
PPM 36935.4 90489.3
Potential (ST) Capability Actual (LT) Capability Cp 0.69
Process Tolerance Process Tolerance Cpk 0.69
37.1207 42.8793 36.4537 43.5495 Pp 0.56

I I I I I I Ppk 0.56
I I I I I I
38 42 38 42 Data Source:
Specifications Specifications Time Span:
Data T race:
Process Statistics.
Compare short term and long Find Z.B.LT, Z.B.ST
term process performance and ZSHIFT.
against specification.
36 Rev 1
✷ Report 3:
Contains statistical parameters such as mean,
standard deviation, kurtosis, skewness,
confidence intervals, etc.
✷Report 4:
Displays graphs of standard deviation, sum of
squares and mean by subgroup.
✷Report 5:
Displays graphs of ZLT, ZST, and ZShift , by
subgroup.
✷Report 6:
Displays normal plot, histograms for data and for
subgroup means, and scatter plots to test for
correlations of means and standard deviations.
37 Rev 1
Graphing --
6σ
• Statistical Problem Description
• Basic Plot
• Graph Brushing & Editing
• Copying to Other Applications
• Grouping Variables
• Multi-vari Plots
• Box Plots
• Normal Probability Plots
39 Rev 1
Statistical Problem Description
(Option 1)
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > Quality Tools > Capability Analysis
Enter column
containing data. Enter
subgroup size.
For subgroup size of

1, select overall
standard deviation.
For subgroups >1,
select pooled
standard deviation.
Enter Specification
Limits. At least one
required. Check 밐
ard Limit?if
applicable, i.e., cycle
time can 뭪 go below
zero.

40 Rev 1
(Option 1)
The Output --
Minitab will always draw normal
curve line, even if the data isn 뭪
normal! Can select under edit
Histogram of data. mode and delete. See Graph
Editing.
Process Capability Analysis for C1
Low er Spec Upper Spec
42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58
Long-Term Capability
Pp 1.14 Targ * Mean 49.6822 %>USL Exp 0.02 PPM>USL Exp 192
PPU 1.18 USL 58.0000 Mean+3s 56.7096 Obs 0.00 Obs 0
PPL 1.09 LSL 42.0000 Mean-3s 42.6548 %<LSL Exp 0.05 PPM<LSL Exp 520
Ppk 1.09 k 0.0397 s 2.3425 Obs 0.00 Obs 0
Cpm * n 30.0000
Note that 3(Ppk) = ZLT ,if Process mean and

overall standard deviation standard deviation.
was selected.
41 Rev 1
(Option 2)
Setting it up --
(Subgroup size =1)
Select:
Stat > Quality Tools > Capability Sixpack
Enter column containing data.
Enter 1 for subgroup size.
For subgroup size of

1, select overall
standard deviation.
Enter Specification
required. Check 밐
ard Limit?if
applicable, e.g., cycle
zero.

42 Rev 1
(Option 2)
The Output --
(Subgroup size =1)
Histogram of data. Minitab will
always draw normal curve line, even
Run chart of all data
if the data isn 뭪 normal! Can go
values. Moving range
into edit mode, select normal curve
chart. Use these charts to
and delete.
look for trends.
Process Capability Sixpack for C1
Individual and MR Chart Capability Histogram

3.0SL=57.87
Individual Value
55
50 X=50.08
45
-3.0SL=42.29
40
45 50 55
Obser. 0 50 100
12 1 Normal Prob Plot
3.0SL=9.574
Mov.Range
4
R=2.930
0 -3.0SL=0.000
45 50 55
Last 25 Observations Capability Plot

Process Tolerance
52.5
42.4444 57.7138
Values
50.0 Pp: 1.05 I I I

PPU: 1.04 I I I
47.5
PPL: 1.06 42 58
45.0 Ppk: 1.04 Specifications
80 90 100 StDev: 2.54490
Observation Number
Is the data
Run chart of last normally
25 data values. distributed?
Top line is +/- 3σ process
range. Compare this against
process specifications shown
in bottom line. Do you need
to shift the mean, shrink the
variance or both?
43 Rev 1
Setting it up -- (Option 2)
(Subgroup size > 1)
Select:
Stat > Quality Tools > Capability Sixpack
Enter column containing
data. Enter subgroup size.
For subgroups >1,

select pooled
standard deviation.
Enter Specification
required. Check 밐
ard Limit?if
applicable, e.g., cycle
zero.

44 Rev 1
The Output -- (Option 2)

(Subgroup size >1)
Top chart shows subgroup

averages. Use this chart Histogram of data. Minitab will
to see subgroup to always draw normal curve line, even
subgroup variation. if the data isn 뭪 normal! Can select
Middle chart shows range under edit mode and delete. See
of values within a Graph Editing.
subgroup.
Process Capability Sixpack for C1
Xbar and R Chart Capability Histogram

53.5 3.0SL=53.62
Means
51.0
X=50.08
48.5
-3.0SL=46.54
46.0
45 50 55
Subgr 0 10 20
15 Normal Prob Plot
3.0SL=12.96
10
Ranges
R=6.131
5
0 -3.0SL=0.000
45 50 55
57
Last 20 Subgroups Capability Plot
Process Tolerance
42.1711 57.9871
53
Values
Cp: 1.01 I I I
49 CPU: 1.00 I I I
CPL: 1.02 42 58
45 Cpk: 1.00 Specifications
0 10 20 StDev: 2.63601
Subgroup Number
Is the data
Plot of up to 25 normally
Top line is +/- 3σ process distributed?
subgroups of
range. Compare this against
datapoints. Use this
process specifications shown
chart to see variation
in bottom line. Do you need
within a subgroup.
to shift the mean, shrink the
variance or both?
45 Rev 1
Basic Plot
Setting it up --
Select: Enter Y and X
Graph > Plot variables.
Add jitter to X or Y
variables so that
multiple points are
plotted with offset,
rather than on top of Use to change graph
each other. set up default. Scale
can be changed with
Min and Max.
Select to edit
display features.
Select to adjust
position of figure,
data or legend
46 Rev 1
Basic Plot
600
500
Abrasion
400
300
650 700 750

Hardness
Note: A new graph will be generated each time the

dialog box is used. For example, going back to the
dialog box to change the symbol type or scale will
produce another graph instead of updating the existing
one. Any editing done with the edit toolbars on an
existing graph will not appear on the new one. It is
best to get the graph fundamentals in place before
editing!
47 Rev 1
Graph Brushing
Setting it up --
With Graph Window Active --
Select:
Editor > Brush
(Activates Brush Mode)
Editor > Set ID Variables
Enter columns to
be displayed.
Click OK to brush graph.
48 Rev 1
Graph Brushing
Brushing --
Values from selected
columns will be displayed.
A dot will also appear
beside row numbers in
worksheet.
Select point to brush by clicking with

mouse (mouse arrow has changed
to a hand) or select several points
by drawing a box around them.
49 Rev 1
Graph Editing
Setting it up --
To Edit, Select:
Editor > Edit (Graph window must be active)
or double click on the graph.
These toolbars will appear:
Return to Cursor Add Text

Draw Box Draw Circle
Draw Line Draw Symbol
Freeform (not closed) Freeform
Change Font
Text Editing Change Color
Change Size
Selecting a Change Line Type
graph feature Line Editing Change Line Color
to edit will Change Line Thickness
activate the Add Arrowheads
applicable
feature tools. Fill Change / Add Fill
Fill Color
Change Symbol Type
Symbol Editing Change Symbol Color
Change Symbol Size
50 Rev 1
Copying to Other Applications
From Session Window --

• Highlight Text to Copy
• Select Edit > Copy (or Cntl-c)
• Open Application copying into
• Select Edit > Paste (or Cntl-v)
• Use New Courier font to
preserve column spacing
From Graph Window --

• Must be in View Mode
• Select Editor > View
• Select Edit > Copy Graph
• Open Application copying into
• Select Edit > Paste (or Cntl-v)
• If using Powerpoint, select Draw >
Scale to size graph as desired
51 Rev 1
Using Grouping Variables
Setting it up --
Select: Enter Y and X
Graph > Plot variables.
Select a 밽 rouping variable?

Click on 밊 or
For this example, one symbol
Each?down arrow
will be used for the group of data
and select Group.
points from equip #1 and a
different symbol will be used for
data points from equipment #2.
Each X value of time contains a
밽 roup?of points from different
pieces of equipment.

52 Rev 1
Using Grouping Variables
The Output --
Key for equipment types

(grouping variable).
9.6 1
2
response
9.1
8.6
1 2 3 4 5
times
53 Rev 1
A Multivari Plot Example
Setting it up --
Enter Y and X
Select: variables.
Graph > Plot
Select Legend under Regions

A groove dimension was
and deselect 밪 how Legend?
measured for each of 4
grooves on several parts.
How much variation is seen Change to Group to get symbols for
from part to part? Within a each groove type. Change symbol
part? type, if desired, with Edit Attributes.
To connect the points for each X (part) with a solid line --
Click on Line Type

to highlight entire
column. Select
Solid to change all
line types to solid.
Click OK for each box

to get results.
54 Rev 1
A Multivari Plot Example
The Output --
How does part to part variation

compare to within part variation?
10 1
2
3
4
act-spec
-10
0 10 20
part
15
With different symbols,
can see that groove #1
has a higher value than
others.
55 Rev 1
Box Plots
Setting it up --
Select: Enter Y variable. If have Y
responses for more than
Graph > Boxplot
one X value, enter X
variable column.
Can transpose X
and Y as Option.
Use to change graph
set up default. Scale
Select to edit display
can be changed with
features. Will typically use
Min and Max.
defaults for boxplots.
Select to adjust
position of figure,
data or legend.
56 Rev 1
Box Plots

9.6
response
9.1
8.6
1 2
equip-no
* Outliers
max of (1.5 x Interquartile Range
or maximum value)
Box Plot
Interpretation 75th Percentile
Middle
50% of
Data 50th Percentile (Median)
25th Percentile
min of (1.5 x Interquartile Range or

minimum value)
** Outliers
*
57 Rev 1
Normal Probability Plots
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > Basic Statistics > Normality Test
Enter column.
Various statistical
normality tests.
Anderson-Darling is
typically fine as
default.
Alternate Option:
Stat > Basic Statistics > Normality Test
Enter column.
Select
Distribution
Type.

58 Rev 1
Normal Probability Plots

Normal Probability Plot
.999
.99
The higher the
.95 p-value, the
more likely the
Probability
.80
.50 data is
.20
normally
.05
.01 distributed.
.001
26 36 46 56 66 76 86 96 106
C1
Average: 70.0000 Anderson-Darling NormalityTest
StDev: 10.0000 A-Squared: 0.418
N: 500 P-Value: 0.328
Alternate Option:
Normal Probability Plot for C1
Mean: 70.0000
99
StDev: 10.0000
95
90
80
70
This option shows
Percent
60
50
40
30 95% confidence
20
10 intervals.
5
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Data
59 Rev 1
Statistical Tests --
•
•
•
•
•
6σ
One Sample t-tests
Two Sample t-tests
Homogeneity of Variance
Analysis of Variance
Chi Squared
61 Rev 1
One sample t-tests
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > Basic Statistics > 1 - sample t
Enter column Enter test
containing data. mean.
Select Ha
from drop
down box.
Select a graph option, if desired --

62 Rev 1
One sample t-tests

T-Test of the Mean
Test of mu = 100.00 vs mu not = 100.00
Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean T P

C1 30 92.55 9.16 1.67 -4.45 0.0001
t-calc
If p < .05,
reject Ho.
Histogram of C1
(with Ho and 95% t-conf idence interval f or the mean)
8
Frequency
0 _
X Ho
[ ]
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
C1
Test mean is outside the 95%

confidence interval, reject Ho.
63 Rev 1
Two sample t-tests
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > Basic Statistics > 2 - sample t
Enter columns
containing data.
Select Ha
from drop
down box.
Select a graph option, if desired --

64 Rev 1
Two sample t-tests

Two Sample T-Test and Confidence Interval
Two sample T for C1 vs C2
N Mean StDev SE Mean
C1 30 92.55 9.16 1.7 If p > .05,
C2 50 95.1 10.2 1.4
accept Ho.
95% CI for mu C1 - mu C2: ( -6.9, 1.9)
T-Test mu C1 = mu C2 (vs not =): T= -1.14 P=0.26 DF= 66
If the 95 % confidence interval for difference

between sample averages crosses zero,
then accept Ho.

Boxplots of C1 and C2
(means are indicated by solid circles)
120
110
100
90
80
70
C1 C2
Distributions overlap -- Accept Ho.
65 Rev 1
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > ANOVA > Homogeneity of Variance
Note: Data must be stacked for this analysis. Use a
subscript column to identify groups.
Enter column
containing
stacked data.
Enter column
containing subscripts
that identify from which Click OK to get results.
group data came.
66 Rev 1
The Output --
Homogeneity of Variance Test for C1

95%Confidence Intervals for Sigmas Factor Levels
Bartlett's Test
Test Statistic: 2.158

P-Value : 0.142
Levene's Test
Test Statistic: 3.092

P-Value : 0.082
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
The 95% Confidence Use Bartlett 뭩 Test when the data

Intervals. The middle comes from a normal distribution.
dot is the standard Use Levene 뭩 Test when the data
deviation of that group. comes from a continuous but not
necessarily normal distribution. P-
values < .05 indicate the groups
have different variances.
67 Rev 1
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > ANOVA > Oneway
Enter column with Enter column with
stacked data. stacked data.
Can generate boxplot or

dotplot of data as an option.
Note: If data is not stacked, Select:

Stat > ANOVA > Oneway (unstacked)
68 Rev 1

Determine % contribution to variance by dividing
SSfactor by SStotal. Likewise, determine % error
(unaccounted-for variation) by SSerror / SStotal.
If p < .05, there is a
One-Way Analysis of Variance statistical difference
Analysis of Variance for resp
between factor levels.
Source DF SS MS F P
Factor 2 117.73 58.87 8.66 0.005
Error 12 81.60 6.80
Total 14 199.33
Individual 95% CIs For Mean
Based on Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev ----------+---------+---------+------
1 5 13.200 3.271 (-------*------)
2 5 15.800 1.643 (------*------)
3 5 20.000 2.646 (------*------)
----------+---------+---------+------
Pooled StDev = 2.608 14.0 17.5 21.0
How much overlap do you see in the confidence intervals? The

more overlap, the less likely that there is a statistical difference.

Boxplots of resp by Factor
(means are indicated by solid circles)
20
• Do distributions overlap?
• Are variances similar?
ANOVA requires
resp
15
variances to be
approximately the same.
10 Test with Homogeneity of
Variance.
Factor
1
69 Rev 1
Chi 2
Setting it up --
Select: The
Worksheet
Stat > Tables > Chisquare Test
Setup.
Use this option when data is a
table containing total counts.
Enter
columns
with table.
70 Rev 1
Chi 2
The Output --
Chi-Square Test
Expected counts are printed below observed counts
Pass Fail Total

1 77 35 112
84.47 27.53
2 63 22 85
64.10 20.90
3 87 17 104
78.43 25.57
Total 227 74 301
Chi-Sq = 0.660 + 2.024 +

0.019 + 0.058 + Chi-calc
0.936 + 2.871 = 6.568
DF = 2, P-Value = 0.037
If p-value < .05,

there is a difference.
71 Rev 1
Chi 2 -- Cross Tabulation
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > Tables > Cross Tabulation PassFail
Use this option when raw

data is arranged in columns.
The
Worksheet
Setup.
Enter
columns
with data.
72 Rev 1
Chi 2 -- Cross Tabulation
The Output --
Tabulated Statistics
Rows: Shift Columns: PassFail
1 2 All
1 77 35 112
84.47 27.53 112.00
2 63 22 85
64.10 20.90 85.00
Expected
3 87 17 104
counts are
78.43 25.57 104.00
shown below
observed All 227 74 301 Chi-calc
counts. 227.00 74.00 301.00
Chi-Square = 6.568, DF = 2, P-Value = 0.037
Cell Contents --
Count
Exp Freq
If p-value < .05, there

is a difference.
73 Rev 1
DoE --
6σ
• Create Factorial DoE Design
• Analyze Factorial DoE Design
• Analyze Custom Factorial DoE
Design
• Main Effects Plot
• Interaction Plots
75 Rev 1
Create Factorial DoE Design
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > DOE > Create Factorial Design
Select
number
The default
of factors.
generators
normally
Select sufficient.
design from
options
listed.
Can enter
Select factor names
applicable and levels, if
options. desired.
Randomize
is default.
Click OK for each box.
76 Rev 1
Create Factorial DoE Design

Factorial Design
Full Factorial Design
Factors: 3 Base Design: 3, 8

Runs: 8 Replicates: 1
Blocks: none Center pts (total): 0
All terms are free from aliasing

If had selected a
fractional design, the
confounding pattern
would be listed here.
Note: Each design is entered on a new worksheet.
Actual factor names and

Run Order would be the same
values appear on datasheet,
as Standard Order, if the
if entered as option. If not,
randomize option wasn 뭪
matrix will contain -1, and +1.
selected.
77 Rev 1
Analyze Factorial DoE Design
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > DOE > Analyze Factorial Design
Note: For designs created in Minitab 10.X, see Analyze Custom Design.
Enter
Response
Column.
Select for
covariates.
Select to get Select to

effects store fits,
and/or residuals,
residual etc.
plots.
Select to display means

for each factor level.
Select Terms to be included

in model. Can select up to
desired order through drop
down box or individually with
> or < buttons. The >> or <<
buttons move all terms.
Click OK for each box.

78 Rev 1
Analyze Factorial DoE Design
The Output --
The average effect of The coefficient for
moving the factor from regression equation.
the low to high Equal to effect/2.
setting.
t-calc for
coefficient.
Fractional Factorial Fit Is it = 0?
Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Distance If p< .05,

Term Effect Coef StDev Coef T P this is a
Constant 3.519 0.03125 112.60 0.006 statistically
Pin -2.362 -1.181 0.03125 -37.80 0.017
No. 1.763 0.881 0.03125 28.20 0.023 significant
Start 3.112 1.556 0.03125 49.80 0.013 factor.
Pin*No. -0.387 -0.194 0.03125 -6.20 0.102
Pin*Start -0.837 -0.419 0.03125 -13.40 0.047
No.*Start 0.837 0.419 0.03125 13.40 0.047
Analysis of Variance for Distance
Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P

Main Effects 3 36.7509 36.7509 12.2503 2E+03 0.019
2-Way Interactions 3 3.1059 3.1059 1.0353 132.52 0.064
Residual Error 1 0.0078 0.0078 0.0078
Total 7 39.8647
Determine % contribution to Adj SS/DF

variance by dividing SSsource by
SStotal. Likewise, determine % Adj MSsource
error (unaccounted-for variation) Adj MSerror
by SSerror / SStotal.
79 Rev 1
Analyze Custom Factorial DoE Design
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > DOE > Analyze Custom Design
Select
Design
Type.
Enter
Response
Column. Enter
Factors (no
pipes).
Select Terms to be included

in model. Can select up to
desired order through drop
down box. Individual terms
can be taken out by
highlighting and using
Remove button. Click OK for each box.
80 Rev 1
Analyze Custom Factorial DoE Design
The Output --
Note: Identical to Analyze Factorial Design
The average effect of The coefficient for

moving the factor from regression equation.
the low to high Equal to effect/2.
setting.
t-calc for
coefficient.
Fractional Factorial Fit Is it = 0?
Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Distance If p< .05,

Term Effect Coef StDev Coef T P this is a
Constant 3.519 0.03125 112.60 0.006 statistically
Pin -2.362 -1.181 0.03125 -37.80 0.017
No. 1.763 0.881 0.03125 28.20 0.023 significant
Start 3.112 1.556 0.03125 49.80 0.013 factor.
Pin*No. -0.387 -0.194 0.03125 -6.20 0.102
Pin*Start -0.837 -0.419 0.03125 -13.40 0.047
No.*Start 0.837 0.419 0.03125 13.40 0.047
Analysis of Variance for Distance
Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P

Main Effects 3 36.7509 36.7509 12.2503 2E+03 0.019
2-Way Interactions 3 3.1059 3.1059 1.0353 132.52 0.064
Residual Error 1 0.0078 0.0078 0.0078
Total 7 39.8647
Determine % contribution to Adj SS/DF

variance by dividing SSsource by
SStotal. Likewise, determine % Adj MSsource
error (unaccounted-for variation) Adj MSerror
by SSerror / SStotal.
81 Rev 1
Main Effect Plots
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > ANOVA > Main Effects Plots
Enter
Factors.
Enter
Response
Column.
82 Rev 1
Main Effect Plots
The Output --
Main Effects Plot - Means for Dist
5.2
Check range of
experimental 4.4
results. Was it 3.6

Dist
large enough to be
of practical 2.8
significance? 2.0
Pin Pos N_RubBnd Strt Ang
-1 setting
+1 setting
The steeper the slope,

the larger the effect.
83 Rev 1
Interaction Plots
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > ANOVA > Interaction Plots
Enter
Factors.
Enter
Response
Column.
84 Rev 1
Interaction Plots
The Output --
Interaction Plot - Means for Dist

-1
-1
Read across to Pin Pos -1 1
identify Y axes.
1
-1
1
1
Solid line is low N_RubBnd -1
level for Y axis 1
-1
factor.
Dashed line is high Strt Ang
level for Y axis

factor.
Read down to
identify X axes.
Low level for X
axis factor.
High level for X

The stronger the axis factor.
interaction, the more
non-parallel the lines.
85 Rev 1
6σ
Regression --
• Regression
• Fitted Line Plots
• Residuals Analysis
87 Rev 1
Regression
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > Regression > Regression
Y variable in
Possible X 뭩
equation.
.
Store fits,
residuals,
coefficients,
etc.
Graph options
for residuals.
88 Rev 1
Regression
The Output --
t-test for constant
coefficient (Y-intercept)
versus constant of zero. If t-test for factor
p is > .05, constant could coefficient versus
be zero. zero. If p is < .05,
Regression Analysis coefficient is
significant.
The regression equation is
Abrasion = 2693 - 3.16 Hardness
Predictor Coef StDev T P

Constant 2692.8 242.9 11.09 0.000
Hardness -3.1607 0.3462 -9.13 0.000
R-sq is % of variation
in Y that is explained
S = 41.94 R-Sq = 78.4% R-Sq(adj) = 77.4% by equation. If
several X 뭩 in
equation, use R-sq
Analysis of Variance adj, as it adjust for
Source DF SS MS F P
degrees of freedom.
Regression 1 146569 146569 83.34 0.000
Error 23 40451 1759
Total 24 187020
How good is the regression model?
Unusual Observations
Obs Hardness Abrasion Fit StDev Fit Residual St Resid
4 756 297.00 303.34 20.78 -6.34 -0.17 X
9 718 340.00 423.44 10.23 -83.44 -2.05R
R denotes an observation with a large standardized residual

X denotes an observation whose X value gives it large influence.
Unusual residual observations. Can use graphs to evaluate.
89 Rev 1
Fitted Line Plots
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > Regression > Fitted Line Plot
Identify Y and
X columns.
Choose type of
regression to fit.
Can transform
data here, if
needed.
Optional display of
confidence bands
and prediction
bands.
90 Rev 1
Fitted Line Plots

t-test for constant coefficient (Y-
Regression intercept) versus constant of zero. If t-test for factor
p is > .05, constant could be zero. coefficient versus zero.
The regression equation is If p is < .05, coefficient
is significant.
y = 2693 - 3.16 x
Predictor Coef StDev T P

Constant 2692.8 242.9 11.09 0.000
x -3.1607 0.3462 -9.13 0.000
R-sq is % of variation
in Y that is explained
S = 41.94 R-Sq = 78.4% R-Sq(adj) = 77.4% by equation. If several
X 뭩 in equation, use
R-sq adj, as it adjust
for degrees of freedom.
Source DF SS MS F P
Regression 1 146569 146569 83.34 0.000
Error 23 40451 1759
Total 24 187020
How good is the regression model?

Regression Plot
Y = 2692.80 - 3.16067X
R-Sq = 0.784
700
•Black line is line of best
fit.
600
•Dotted line (red) is 95%
confidence interval for
Abrasion
500
400 line.
300 Regression
•Dashed line (blue) is
200
95% CI
95% PI
prediction interval for
660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 any point.
Hardness
91 Rev 1
Residuals Analysis
Setting it up --
Select:
Stat > Regression > Regression
Select graph
options for
residuals plots.
Selecting
standardized
will convert
residuals to z-
like value.
Select desired
plots.
Note: Can also generate with

Stat > Regression > Residuals
Click OK (twice) to
Plots, but must have stored fits
and resid 뭩 and can 뭪 select get results.
standardized option.
92 Rev 1
Residuals Analysis
The Output --
Individual residuals --
trends? outliers? 95%
How normal are
should be within +/- 2
the residuals?
standardized residuals.
Normal Probability Plot of the Residuals Residuals Versus the Order of the Data
(response is Abrasion) (response is Abrasion)
2 2
Standardized Residual
1 1
0 0
-1 -1
-2 -2
-2 -1 0 1 2 5 10 15 20 25
Normal Score Observation Order
Histogram of the Residuals Residuals Versus the Order of the Data

(response is Abrasion) (response is Abrasion)
2
5
4
1
Frequency
3
0
-1
1
0 -2
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 5 10 15 20 25
Standardized Residual Observation Order
Histogram -- bell Point noted with Random about

curve? unusual residual in zero without
(Ignore for data session window trends?
output.
sets < 30)
93 Rev 1

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Added Features: More

The Basics -- PAGE

Info Window: History Window:

✷ Four Interactive Windows.

The Data Window Toolbar

Save File Insert Rows

Cut Previous Brushed Row

Paste Last Dialog Box

Undo Session Window

These commands can also be

The Session Window Toolbar

Paste Last Dialog Box

Undo Session Window

These commands can also be

The Graph Window Toolbar

Save File Edit Mode Close Graphs

Paste Last Dialog Box

Undo Session Window

These commands can also be

Click OK to get results.

The Worksheet Output --

Original data Log (c1)

Note: The output column DOES NOT

Click OK to get results.

The Worksheet Output --

Column type is now numeric.

Non numeric values are

Subscripts can be used to

The Worksheet Output --

Data from the three

Columns to store new

The Worksheet Output --

Original data First data block

Second data block Optional subscript column.

Note: Date/Time sequence data can be generated with

The Worksheet Output --

Any patterned sequence

column with Select column

Enter text data

The Worksheet Output --

Column type is now text.

The Worksheet Output --

Original Data. Transformed Data.

The Graphical Output --

Square Root 0.5

Lambda Reciprocal Root -0.5

Click OK (twice) to get results.

The Graphical Output --

Xbar Chart by Operator Operator*Part Interaction

R Chart by Operator By Operator

see between 0 Oper ID 1 2 3

Components of Variation By Part

What Contained in the Session

The Session Window Output --

Source %Contribution %Study Var %Tolerance

Number of Distinct Categories = 4

The Session Window Output -- ZST

The Graphical Output --

Spots 14 100 1 100 0.140 0.140000 140000 1.500 2.580