Introduction to Classless

Routing

CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

Subnetting vs. VLSM

Subnetting allows you to divide big networks
into smaller, equal-sized slices.
VLSM allows you to divide big networks into
smaller, different-sized slices. This enables
you to make maximum use of your valuable
IP address space.
So basically, you are now utilizing subnet
masks in the same IP address space.

CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

Addressing a Network with

Standard Subnetting
Site A has two Ethernet networks
Site B had one Ethernet network
Site C had one Ethernet network
Site A

Site B

Site C

10 users

8 users

207.21.24.0 /24
25 users

25 users

How many network addresses are needed?

How many hosts are needed for the largest LAN?
How many bits need to be borrowed to address this
network?
CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

Addressing a Network with

Standard Subnetting
Site A has two Ethernet networks
Site B had one Ethernet network
Site C had one Ethernet network

Site A

25 users 25 users

Site B

Site C

10 users

8 users

If we borrow 3 bits from a class C address, that will give

us eight networks, but we can only use six of them. Each
network will have 30 usable addresses.
It will take four network addresses to accommodate the
Ethernet networks at each site. That leaves us with two
extra networks.
There is also a point-to-point WAN connection between
each site. These two connections will take up the
CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

Addressing a Network with Standard

Subnetting
Borrowing 3 bits will meet the current needs of the
company, but it leaves little room for growth.
Each network will have 30 usable addresses, including
the point-to-point WAN links (which only require two
addresses).
Subnet # Subnet Address
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

207.21.24.0
207.21.24.32
207.21.24.64
207.21.24.96
207.21.24.128
207.21.24.160
207.21.24.192
207.21.24.224

CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

Bits
Masked
/27
/27
/27
/27
/27
/27
/27
/27

207.21.24.0
Site A

25 users 25 users

Site B

10 users

Site C

8 users

Addressing a Network Using VLSM

To begin subnetting this network using VLSM, identify
the LAN with the largest number of hosts. Subnet the
address 207.21.24.0 /24 based on this information.
Site A has two Ethernet networks (25 hosts each)
Site B had one Ethernet network (10 hosts)
Site C had one Ethernet network (8 hosts)
Subnet # Subnet Address
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

207.21.24.0
207.21.24.32
207.21.24.64
207.21.24.96
207.21.24.128
207.21.24.160
207.21.24.192
207.21.24.224

Bits
Masked
/27
/27
/27
/27
/27
/27
/27
/27

Site A

25 users

25 users

Site B

Site C

10 users

8 users

Addressing a Network Using VLSM

Subnet 1 & 2 can be used to address Site A Ethernet
networks. Subnet 5 can be subnetted to accommodate
Site B & C Ethernet networks. Subnet 6 can be subnetted
to accommodate the WAN links.
Site B
Site C
Site A
Subnet # Subnet Address

Site A
Free
Addresses
Site B &
WANClinks

CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

207.21.24.0 /27
207.21.24.32 /27
207.21.24.64 /27
207.21.24.96 /27
207.21.24.128 /27
207.21.24.160 /27
207.21.24.192 /27
207.21.24.224 /27

25 users 25 users

10 users

8 users

Sub-subnet 0 207.21.24.160
Sub-subnet 1 207.21.24.176

/28
/28

Site B
Site C

Sub-subnet 0
Sub-subnet 1
Sub-subnet 2
Sub-subnet 3
Sub-subnet 4
Sub-subnet 5
Sub-subnet 6
Sub-subnet 7

/30
/30
/30
/30
/30
/30
/30
/30

WAN
1&2

207.21.24.192
207.21.24.196
207.21.24.200
207.21.24.204
207.21.24.208
207.21.24.212
207.21.24.216
207.21.24.220

Free
Addresses

Addressing a Network Using VLSM

Through applying VLSM, the topology was able to be
addressed and still have two complete subnets available
for future growth.
Site B

Site A

207.21.24.192 /
30

207.21.24.32 /27
25 users

CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

207.21.24.196 /
30

207.21.24.64 /27
25 users

Site C

207.21.24.160 /
28
10 users

207.21.24.176 /
28
8 users

Addressing a Network Using VLSM

Exercise 1
Your company has been assigned IP network 195.39.71.0 /24.
Given that headquarters (60 hosts) is connected to five branch
offices (12 hosts each) by a WAN link, and to an ISP (the ISP
owns the addresses on that link), determine an appropriate IP
addressing scheme.
Headquarters
ISP

60 users

Branch 1
12 users

CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

Branch 2
12 users

Branch 3
12 users

Branch 4
12 users

Branch 5
12 users

Applying the Addresses to the Topology

Address
provided by ISP

5 .3
9 .7
19

195.39.71.144 /28

CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

195.39.71.160 /28

5 .3

9 .7

1 .2

24

/30

30
0/

195.39.71.128 /28

19

.22
.71

1.2

12

/3 0

30

9
5.3
19

19

5.3

9 .7

1.2

/
08

195.39.71.216 /30

195.39.71.64 /26

195.39.71.176 /28

195.39.71.192 /28

Route Aggregation w/ CIDR

(or Summarization)

An organization needs 500 address. It is given two /24

addresses. If whoever hands out the addressing is
clever enough to give them two consecutive networks
that start with a multiple to two in the third octet
(200.201.202.0 /24 and 200.201.203.0 /24), then that
address space could be advertised to the rest of the
Internet as 200.201.202.0 /23 (since the two /24s have
the first 23 bits in common).
11001000.11001001.11001010.00000000
11001000.11001001.11001011.00000000
23 bits network prefix
CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

CIDR Scenario continued

If the ISP owns all of the 200.201.0.0 networks (256 /24s),
why should it advertise all of them separately? Instead, it
could simply advertise 200.201.0.0 /16 (which would be
200.201.0.0 /24 through 200.201.255.0 /24). This would
reduce the size of the routing tables on the router to which
the routes are advertised.
.0.0

11001000.11001001.00000000.00000000

.255.0

11001000.11001001.11111111.00000000
16 bits network prefix

CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

CIDR Scenario continued

The summary of route 200.201.202.0 /23 is called a CIDR

block or a supernet.
Because we are dealing with binary, the block size is
always a power of two (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc.). The
starting point of the block must be a multiple of the
power of two that is being used (21 2, 4, 6, 8, etc.).

Examples
of starting
addresses
CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

200.201.202.0

200.201.204.0

200.201.206.0

200.201.208.0

200.201.210.0

Network Prefixes
200.201.200.0/23

200.201.202.0/23

200.201.204.0/23

200.201.206.0/23

200.201.208.0/23

200.201.210.0/23

CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

23 bits

200.201.200.0

11001000.11001001.11001000.00000000

200.201.201.0

11001000.11001001.11001001.00000000

200.201.202.0

11001000.11001001.11001010.00000000

200.201.203.0

11001000.11001001.11001011.00000000

200.201.204.0

11001000.11001001.11001100.00000000

200.201.205.0

11001000.11001001.11001101.00000000

200.201.206.0

11001000.11001001.11001110.00000000

200.201.207.0

11001000.11001001.11001111.00000000

200.201.208.0

11001000.11001001.11010000.00000000

200.201.209.0

11001000.11001001.11010001.00000000

200.201.210.0

11001000.11001001.11010010.00000000

200.201.211.0

11001000.11001001.11010011.00000000

Network Prefixes
200.201.200.0/22

200.201.204.0/22

200.201.208.0/22

CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

22 bits

200.201.200.0

11001000.11001001.11001000.00000000

200.201.201.0

11001000.11001001.11001001.00000000

200.201.202.0

11001000.11001001.11001010.00000000

200.201.203.0

11001000.11001001.11001011.00000000

200.201.204.0

11001000.11001001.11001100.00000000

200.201.205.0

11001000.11001001.11001101.00000000

200.201.206.0

11001000.11001001.11001110.00000000

200.201.207.0

11001000.11001001.11001111.00000000

200.201.208.0

11001000.11001001.11010000.00000000

200.201.209.0

11001000.11001001.11010001.00000000

200.201.210.0

11001000.11001001.11010010.00000000

200.201.211.0

11001000.11001001.11010011.00000000

Network Prefixes

200.201.200.0/21

CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

21 bits

200.201.200.0

11001000.11001001.11001000.00000000

200.201.201.0

11001000.11001001.11001001.00000000

200.201.202.0

11001000.11001001.11001010.00000000

200.201.203.0

11001000.11001001.11001011.00000000

200.201.204.0

11001000.11001001.11001100.00000000

200.201.205.0

11001000.11001001.11001101.00000000

200.201.206.0

11001000.11001001.11001110.00000000

200.201.207.0

11001000.11001001.11001111.00000000

200.201.208.0

11001000.11001001.11010000.00000000

200.201.209.0

11001000.11001001.11010001.00000000

200.201.210.0

11001000.11001001.11010010.00000000

200.201.211.0

11001000.11001001.11010011.00000000

CIDR in a Nutshell
Hand out pieces of classful networks (to avoid wasting
addresses)
Identify the network portion of an address with a
network prefix ( /x)
Advertise blocks of networks (to reduce the size of
routing tables).

CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

CIDR Example
Objective
Create an addressing scheme using variable length subnet
masking (VLSM).
Scenario
You are assigned the CIDR address 200.32.108.0 /22 and
you must support the network shown in the diagram. Create
an addressing scheme that will meet the diagram
requirements.
100 users

300 users
CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

100 users

100 users

CIDR Example
Given the CIDR address 200.32.108.0 /22
How many /24 networks do we have?
How many host addresses do we have?
What is the largest LAN requirement?
100 users

300 users
CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

100 users

100 users

CIDR Example
Given the CIDR address 200.32.108.0 /22

CCNA v3.0 Semester 3

200.32.111.244 /30

20
0.
32
.1
11
.2
40

200.32.108.0 /23
Two /24s

100 users

200.32.110.0 /25

0
/3

300 users

200.32.111.0 /25
48
.2
11
.1
32
0.
20

/3
0

100 users

100 users

200.32.110.128 /25