Professional Documents
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Ben Munro
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Topics Presented
Mechanics Terminology
Lamination Terminology
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Mechanics Terminology
Composite
Fibre
Resin or matrix
Lamina or ply
laminate
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Mechanics Terminology 2
Homogeneous Material
Material properties not dependent on location
Isotropic Material
At a point in the material, material properties are identical in every
direction
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Mechanics Terminology 3
Anisotropic Material
At a point in the material, material properties are different in
all directions
Orthotropic Material
A material with three mutually perpendicular planes of
material symmetry
Wood
Rolled Steel
Unidirectional FRP laminate
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206,000
Aluminium
5083
69,000
UTS
400
275
Yield
235
125
Strain
0.19%
0.4%
FRP
CSM Laminate
WR Laminate
6500
14,500
85
190
1.3%
1.3%
E
UTS
Strain
Mild Steel
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MATERIAL COMPARISON
Comparison of Specific Strength and Stiffness
450
Carbon/Epoxy
400
350
300
250
Douglas Fir
200
White Oak
150
5083 Aluminium
100
E Glass/Polyester
HT Steel
50
Mild Steel
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
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Mild Steel
25
HT Steel
20
15
10
Douglas Fir
White Oak
Carbon/Epoxy
E Glass/Polyester
0
0
10
20
30
Specific Strength / Cost Index
40
50
60
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Material Comparison
Material
Mild Steel
1180
250
Aluminium
700
Modulus/Strength ratio
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Material Comparison
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Micromechanics
Find average properties of a composite ply from the properties of the
constituents
Understand failure mechanisms of composite on a micromechanical
level
Macromechanics
Assume homogeneous ply
Combine or stack plies to form a laminate
Analyse laminate
Determine ply stresses and strains
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Gelcoat
450 CSM
300 CSM
800 WR
450 CSM
800 WR
450 CSM
800 WR
450 CSM
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Lamination Terminology
Symmetrical layup
Plies above midsurface are of same thickness, material and
orientation as the plies below midsurface
450 CSM
800 WR
-45
[0/-45/60/60/-45/0]
450 CSM
60
450 CSM
800 WR
60
-45
or
[0/-45/60]s
450 CSM
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Lamination Terminology
Balanced Laminate
Pairs of layers are of same thickness, material and oriented at +
and Eg:
30
40
-30
30
-30
-40
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Lamination Terminology
Hybrid Laminate
Laminate made from more than one material
Hybrid material
Reinforcing material made from more than one material typically
Carbon/aramid
Carbon/glass
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Coupling
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