SANITATION, PLUMBING

DESIGN & INSTALLATION

B. Wastewater treatment and
disposal for building and premises
Method of sewage treatment and disposal,
design and construction of septic tank, privy,
cesspool, seepage

Wastewater treatment and

disposal for building and
premises

Public Sewers common sewer directly controlled by

public authority

Wastewater treatment and

disposal for building and
premises
Classification of Public Sewers
Combination Public Sewer
Separate Public Sewer

Wastewater treatment and

disposal for building and
premises
Two Kinds of Sanitary Sewers
Intercepting or Trunk-line Sewer
Tributary or Contributing Sewer

Wastewater treatment and

disposal for building and
premises
Two Kinds of Sanitary Sewers
Intercepting or Trunk-line Sewer
Tributary or Contributing Sewer

Wastewater treatment and

disposal for building and
premises
Storm Sewers
Manholes

NPCP Chapter 2
SEWERAGE, SEWERAGE WORKS - a comprehensive term
(construction, collection, transportation, pumping treatment
and final disposition of sewage)
SEWAGE - the liquid wastes conducted away buildings, and
with such ground surface, and storm water as may be
present/any wastewater containing animal or vegetable
matter in suspension and solution and may include liquids
containing chemicals in solution
SEWER - a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and waste
liquids

NPCP Chapter 2
MAIN SEWER - (Public Sewer)
PUBLIC SEWER - a common sewer controlled by public authority
DOMESTIC SEWAGE (SANITARY SEWAGE) - liquid/waterborne wastes free from industrial wastes
SANITARY SEWAGE - human excrement/liquid household
waste (DOMESTIC SEWAGE)
SANITARY SEWER - with or without industrial wastes/ without
and admixture of storm water or ground water

NPCP Chapter 2
DRAIN - a sewer, pipe or conduit (conveying ground water, surface
water, storm water, wastewater or sewage
DRAINAGE SYSTEM - the drainage pipe of a plumbing system
take the waste water from the plumbing fixtures and deliver it to
the sewer
INDUSTRIAL WASTE - free from fecal matter
LIQUID WASTE - does not receive fecal matter
WASTE - (LIQUID WASTE/INDUSTRIAL WASTE)
WATER TREATMENT - conditions/treats water supply to
improve water quality, remove suspended solids by filtration

NPCP Chapter 2
PRIMARY BRANCH - a primary branch of a building drain is the
single sloping drain from the base of a stack to its junction with
main building drain or with another branch
SECONDARY BRANCH - any branch in a building drain other
than that of the primary branch
LATERAL - secondary pipeline
MANHOLE - an opening of sufficient size for a man to gain
access thereto

Diagram 1
The household drain may flow straight into a public sewer. If a blockage occurs anywhere in this private
drain, you have sole responsibility for cleaning any blockages or carrying out any repairs. Most properties
have some length of private drain.
Diagram 2
Drains from two properties may join together and form a private sewer, and then run some distance
before connecting with the public sewer. If a blockage or defect occurs at point X in the private sewer
system the owners of the two properties would be responsible for rectifying the problem.

Diagram 3
This shows how all the drains from a block of houses may link up before running into a public sewer. In
some cases, the drains from an entire estate may join a private sewer system before linking up with the
public system, and this could be some considerable distance.
Present legislation dictates that the owners or occupiers of homes above the point of the blockage or
defect - whichever properties effluent flows through that point - are responsible. Therefore a blockage at
point Y would only involve properties four, five and six. A blockage at point Z would involve all six
properties.

Manholes shall be installed at the end of

each line; at all changes in grade, size, or
alignment; at all
intersections; and at distances not greater
than 120 meters for sewers 380 mm in
diameter or less and
150 meters for sewers 460 to 760 mm in
diameter. Greater spacing may be permitted
in larger sewers.
(e) The minimum diameter of manholes shall
be 900 mm; larger diameters are preferable
for large diameter sewers. A minimum
access diameter of 560 mm shall be
provided.

Wastewater Treatment
Activated Sludge Process:
Arrangement
The general arrangement of an
activated sludge process for removing
carbonaceous pollution includes the
following items:
Aeration tank where air (or oxygen) is
injected in the mixed liquor.
Settling tank (usually referred to as
"final clarifier" or "secondary settling
tank") to allow the biological flocs (the
sludge blanket) to settle, thus
separating the biological sludge from
the clear treated water.
Treatment of nitrogenous matter or
phosphate involves additional steps
where the mixed liquor is left in anoxic
condition (meaning that there is no
residual dissolved oxygen).

Wastewater Treatment
Activated Sludge Process:
1. Coarse Screen House
2. Grit Chamber
3. Fine Screen House
4. Mixing Tank or Activated Sludge Tank
5. Aerating Tanks
6. Clarifier Tanks
7. Chemical House
8. Filter House
9. Drier House
10. Warehouse

Preliminary treatmentis the first step in the treatment process. Its purpose
is to remove those materials that are untreatable and can be separated by
physical means. Screenings and grit removal are used to separate the sand
and other inorganic material that can be harmful to the pumps and other
equipment in the treatment processes.

The simplest form of wastewater treatment calledPrimary

Treatmentinvolves filtration andsettlingprocedures. Forty-five to fifty percent
of pollutants can be removed utilizing primary techniques. Sedimentation is the
process by which solids and liquids are separated by gravitational forces. The
thickened solids or sludge settle to the bottom of the clarifier

Secondary Treatmentmainly involves a biological process, which removes

eighty-five to ninety percent of remaining pollutants. Two common types of
secondary treatment are Trickling Filters and Activated Sludge.
Both are processes that create conditions favorable to the growth and
reproduction of helpful microorganisms which consume most of the waste
material. The microorganisms then settle out of the treated water in the
secondary settling tank or clarifier.

Disinfection is the final process provided prior to discharge or release of treated

water. This final step ensures that any disease causing or pathogenic
microorganisms are killed and that the water released into the nearby waterway
is safe to the environment and human life.

Advanced or Tertiary Treatmentare processes that remove any small

amounts of undesirable materials that can still remain in the treated water. These
processes may include filtration, distillation or flocculation to remove suspended
particles, organic material and sometimes specific chemicals such as nitrates,
phosphates and heavy metals. The level of treatment required prior to discharge
to the receiving stream depends on the water quality of the body of water and the
types of reuse designated for the treated water.

Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater Treatment
1. Comminutor or Sewage Cutter 2. Primary Clarifier 3. Aeration Tanks 4. Secondary Clarifier
5. Digester Tank 6. Sludge Drying House and Bed

PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL

1. Cesspool
2. Privy
3. Septic Tank

Classes of Sewage Systems - Definitions

Class 1- a chemical toilet, an incinerating toilet, a recirculating
toilet, a self-contained portable toilet and all forms of privy
Class 2- grey water system
Class 3- a cesspool
Class 4- a leaching bed system including sewage systems
utilizing treatment units
Class 5- a system which requires or uses a holding tank for the
retention hauled sewage at the site where it is produced prior to
its collection by hauled sewage system

Column 1
Type of System

Class 1
Pit Privy
Privy Vault)
Pail Privy )
Class 2
Leaching Pit

Column 2

Column 3

Column 4

Well with a watertight casing to a

depth of at least 6
metres

Other well, or a
spring used as a
potable water
supply

Lake, river, pond,

stream, reservoir,
or a spring not
used as a potable
water supply

15 metres
10 metres

30 metres
15 metres

15 metres
10 metres

10 metres

15 metres

15 metres

NPCP Chapter 2
CESSPOOL - a pit for the reception or detention of sewage/nonwatertight lined excavation; permitting liquid to seep through the
bottom and sides of the cesspool
LEACHING CESSPOOL - a cesspool that is not watertight
PRIVY - outhouse or structure used for the deposition of
excrement
PRIVY VAULT - a pit beneath a privy in which excrement collects

NPCP Chapter 2
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM - effluent discharging
into a subsurface disposal field and seepage pit
PRIVATE SEWER - privately owned/not directly controlled by the
public authority
SEEPAGE PIT - loosely lined excavation in the ground, receives
discharge of septic tank; seep through pit bottom and sides
SEPTIC TANK - water-tight receptacle; separate solids from the
liquid, digest organic matter, allow effluent to discharge to a
storm drain, directly to ground outside the tank through open
joint or perforated piping

Waste Water Treatment

Waste Water is defined as water which carries wastes from
homes, industries, businesses or any other sources; a mixture of
water and dissolved or suspended solids. Treatment is
necessary because it in the reduction of physical, physiological,
radioactive, biological and chemical pollutants.

Types of Waste Water Treatment Plants

Depending on the nature of the Waste Water to be treated,
Waste Water can be classified as:
1. Sewage Treatment Plants
2. Sludge Treatment Plant
3. Industrial Waste Water Treatment
4. Agricultural Waste Water Treatment Plant
5. Radioactive Waste Water Treatment Plant
6. Recycling Waste Water Treatment Plant

Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

now being used for large developments in lieu
of septic tanks or municipal sewages
perform the same general function of septic
tanks in decomposing sewage
However, STPs make use of mechanical
equipment and usually consist of 1 large
basin.

Some
typical features of an STP:
An aeration system within the tank;
A submersible mixer to mix the waste;
A sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying;
A decanter;
Blowers;
A fully electronic control system, etc.

Some
typical features of an STP:

Wastewater from the building enters

the Screen box(1).Here coarse air
bubbles are used to physically break
down solid matter in the sewage
and form a mixed liquor with the
water prior to treatment.
The mixed sewage liquor flows into
the Aeration Chamber for
treatment(2).A bacterial culture is
present in the Aeration Chamber
which digests the pollutants in the
wastewater. The bacterial culture
must have a constant oxygen
supply and this is provided by a fine
bubble diffuser at the base of the
tank.
The mixed sewage liquor then flows
into the Clarification
Chamber(3)where it is able to
separate into clear, treated effluent
and sludge. The clear effluent is
able to flow past the scum baffle
and out of the tank.

Some typical features of an STP:

The bloweris on a

plug-in timer and

runs 30 minutes on
and 15 minutes off,
saving a lot of
electricity for the
treatment process.
It also allows the
blower to cool
down.

Some typical features of an STP:

The Sludge Management System

(SMS)
In the Clarification Chamber
sewage sludge accumulates at the
bottom (settled sludge) and top
(floating sludge) of the tank(1).
Air from the blower is spurred from
the air regulator valves(2)to two
sludge return pipes.
This creates a vacum that sucks
the sewage sludge from the bottom
of the Clarification Chamber back
to the Aeration Chamber
constantly(3).
The valve that removes the floating
sludge must be opened once a
month for this sludge to be
returned. With all other ASP sewage
treatment plants, this sludgehas to
beremoved manually.

Some STPs consist of several chambers:

Primary, Aeration, Settling, and Disinfection

Most Common Types of Municipal Sewage

Treatment
a. The Activated Sludge Process
Involves a series of stations where the raw
sewage must pass through
First Phase- gets rid of heavy materials with
the use of three different filter houses
Second Phase- clarifies the effluent
Third Phase- hardens the sludge and converts
it to fertilizers
Produces water with 99-99.5% purity

Raw sewage inlet

1. Grit Chamber

2. Coarse screen house

4. Incinerator
3. Fine screen house

5. Activated sludge tank

6. Aerating

8. Power House

7. Clarifier

basin

10. Liquid
9. Drier house

11. Chemical

extractor

house

house
13. Vacuum
12.Warehouse

power
house

outlet

b. The Trickling
Filter Process
a.k.a Percolating or
Sprinkling Filter
System
Requires less
mechanical elements
and less stages
Produces water with
95% purity
Requires a large
ground area for its
building

c. Combination
Activated
Sludge and
Trickling
Filter system
makes use of
several
chambers plus
a trickling
filter tank