The

Integumentary
System

 Organs

are two or more tissues which together

perform a specialized function.

Epithelial

membranes are thin structures that

usually contain both epithelial and connective
tissue.

Three types of epithelial

membranes
Serous

Membranes

Line cavities and cover organs

Simple squamous epi. over loose
connective tissue
Parietal and visceral portions
Secrete a serous (watery) fluid for
lubrication

 Mucous

membranes

Line cavities that open to the exterior

Layer of epithelium over connective tissue;
epithelium varies with location
Tight junctions and goblet cells

Cutaneous

membrane is the skin

the major organ of the integumentary system

 Integumentary

system is the skin and the organs

derived from it (hair, glands, nails)
One of the largest organs

2 square meters; 10-11 lbs.

Largest sense organ in the body

The

study of the skin is Dermatology

Functions:
1. Regulation of body temperature

Cellular metabolism produces heat as a waste

product .
High temperature
Dilate

surface blood vessels

Sweating

Low temperature
Surface

vessels constrict
shivering

2. Protection
physical abrasion
dehydration
ultraviolet radiation
3. Sensation
touch
vibration
pain
temperature

4. Excretion
5. Immunity/ Resistance
6. Blood Reservoir
8-10 % in a resting adult
7. Synthesis of vitamin D
uv light
aids absorption of calcium

Anatomy
Epidermis

Skin

Dermis
Subcutaneous

layer or hypodermis

Epidermis
Stratum

basale (stratum germinativum)

Single layer of cuboidal to columnar cells

Stem cells that produce keratinocytes
Melanocytes - # the same for all races
Melanin

produced in a melanosome

 Stratum

spinosum (thorn-like, prickly)

8-10 layers attached by desmosomes

See spines when cell is stained for microscopy
Keratinocytes take in melanin by cytocrine secretion

Stratum
3-5

granulosum

layers
Keratinization begins here
Keratohyalin found in granules
Cells beginning to die

Stratum

lucidum (lucid = clear)

More

apparent in thick skin

3-5 layers of clear cells
Eleidin
Stratum

horny)

corneum (corneum means

Dead,

flat cells full of keratin

Keratin is waterproof
Cells are shed
Basal

cell to surface about 2-4 weeks

Dermis
Connective

tissue layer
Collagen and elastic fibers, nerves, blood vessels,
muscle fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles and
glands.
Papillary layer

1/5 of dermis loose areolar connective tissue

Highly vascular
Dermal papillae - fingerprints

 Reticular

(net) layer
Dense irregular connective tissue
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Hair follicles
Ducts of sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Striae or stretch marks
Meissners corpuscles and Pacinian
corpuscles

Hypodermis
Attaches

the reticular layer to the

underlying organs
Loose connective tissue and adipose
tissue
Major blood vessels rete cutaneum

Accessory organs or
epidermal derivatives
Hairs

Epidermal growths that function in

protection
Shaft, root, and folllicle
Sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscle,
and hair root plexus (touch)
Hair growth and replacement have a
cyclical pattern
male-pattern baldness

Nails
Plates

of highly packed, keratinized cells

Protection, scratching, & manipulation
Formed by cells in nail bed called the
matrix ( in area of lunula)
1 mm / week
Eponychium - cuticle

Skin Glands
Sebaceous
Usually

(oil) glands

connected to hair follicles

Holocrine glands
Fats, cholesterol, proteins, salts,
and cell debris
Moistens hair and waterproofs skin

 Sweat

(sudoriferous) glands

Eccrine

sweat glands
Merocrine glands
Water, salt, wastes
Function is to cool the body (also
nervous)

Apocrine

sweat glands
Larger, merocrine glands
Associated with hair follicles
More viscous fatty acids and proteins
Odor occurs when broken down by
bacteria

Ceruminous

glands

Modified

sudoriferous glands
Secrete cerumen (ear wax)
Mammary
Secrete

glands

milk

Skin color
Genetic

factors

Same number of melanocytes

Albinism

Environmental

factors

Uv light or x-rays

 Physiological

factors

Amount of blood
Amount of oxygen
Cyanosis
Carotene

accumulation
Jaundice liver disorder

Wound healing
Inflammation

Blood vessels dilate and become

permeable
Heat,

Shallow

redness, swelling and pain

cuts

Epithelial cells migrate

Contact inhibition

Deeper wounds
Inflammatory

Fibrin forms clot

Migratory

phase

phase

Fibroblasts make granulation tissue

Proliferative

phase
Maturation phase
Scars hypertrophic scar

keloid