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VERTICAL DRILLING :
CONTROLLING HOLE ANGLE
By: Operation Department

Introduction
Drilling vertical perfectly straight is certainly impossible but we can maintained
the hole deviation within acceptable pre-planned limits.
Why we should control hole angle?
The main objective of vertical drilling is to drill hole with a
full gage, a smooth bore, free from doglegs, key seats.

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Introduction
PROBLEMS which may occurs in doglegs and key seats
Stuck Pipe
Logging Stuck
Running Casing
Casing Wear While Drilling
Production Problems

Stuck Pipe

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Running Casing

Casing Wear

Introduction
What are affecting deviation?
Type of formation
BHA design
Bit weight

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Type of Formation
Drill Collar Moment Theory
When the bit drills from soft to hard
formation the WOB is not distributed
evenly over the bottom of the hole,
hard formation taking more weight
and thus creating a side force.
Buckling and corresponding deviation
forces increase with smaller size
collars. greater annular clearance and
high weight on bit. As more bit weight
is applied, buckling increases.
Solution
Decrease WOB to minimize buckling
effect
Drill carefully coordination with
G&G / WSG
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BHA Design
Pendulum Assembly
The pendulum technique relies on the principle that the force of gravity pulls the bit
to the low side of the hole, will keep the drilling assemblies straight.

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Type of Bits
Roller Cone Bit
Performance
Roller Cone Cut by rolling and crushing actions and do not generate
as much Torque, thus minimize vibration
Tendency to deviate if weight of loading only applied to one cone
High torque will create right hand walk tendency* (long tooth bit)
Solution
Stabilize the drill string to minimize buckling effect
Reduce WOB and speed up rotation
Choose the type of bit (type of tooth and journal angle) based on the
type of formation
*walk tendency angle is the
angle
in
the
plane
perpendicular to the bit axis
between the direction of the
side force and the lateral
displacement.

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Type of Bits
PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact) Bit
Performance
PDC bits are designed primarily to drill by shearing
Optimum rotary speed varies with formation hardness. A soft, plastic
formation would require higher rpm; a hard formation, lower rpm. Most
applications require rotary speeds less than 120 rpm.
Tendency to vibrate or drill laterally away from bit centerline
Solution
High rotary speeds provide better drill rates and reduce the chances
of deviation.
Less WOB
Stabilize the drill string
Choose the type of material requirements based on the type of
formation (matrix or steel)

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Weight on Bit
Parallel Misalignment
Angular Misalignment
Buckling
Lateral Vibration

Parallel
Misalignment

:
Parallel misalignment is caused by the use
of small drill collars (in relation to the hole size)
:
Due to the bit load is applied to one cone
at a time
:
Appears under axial compressive
loads
:
Bending due to facing hard formation and
high torque

Angular
Misalignment

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Buckling

Lateral
Vibration

Weight on Bit: Buckling

Drill Collar Buckling
When the drill collar buckle, the bit is no
longer vertical and a vertical hole cannot
be maintained
The critical weight on bit of the first order
(Wcr1) and second order (Wcr2) are
given by the following equations:

Where:
W
I
E
p
D
d

= Weight on Bit, lb
= Moment of Inertial, cuft
= Modulus of Elasticity, for steel 4320x10 6
= The unit weight of drill collar in drilling fluid, lb/ft
= Outside diameter, ft
= Inside diameter, ft

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Weight on Bit: Bit Tilt

Bit Tilt
Bit tilt angle: The angle between the
bit axis and the hole axis and
affects the drilling direction because
a drill bit is designed to drill parallel
to its axis.

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Case Study
Well XXX History
BHA Type: Pendulum Assy +
Tricone bit
WOB crit1: 9,166.815 lbs; WOB
crit2: 17,719.36 lbs
Drilling Parameter > 2,800 ft-MD
Before Plug Back : WOB 18 23
klbs, RPM 126 (Avg)
The well is deviated to 6 deg at
volcanic formation (hard and
abrasive)
Decided to plug back to +/- 2700
ft-MD
Attempted to return the hole to the
acceptable hole angle limit
BHA Type: Pendulum Assy +
Tricone Bit
Drilling Parameter After Plug
Back : WOB 1-4 klbs, RPM 120
(Avg)
Problem: Drill Pipe fatigue, 2
times fishing job
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Case Study
Sinamar 2
BHA Type: Pendulum Assy + PDC bit
Formation Hardness: Medium to hard
WOB crit1 : 9,166.815 lbs
Hole angle still under control by decreasing and increasing WOB or RPM
Totco survey result
MD (ft)

Avg Drilling
Parameter

Incl. (deg)

TVD (ft)

417.00

WOB: 6 klbs; RPM: 106 Totco Survey

0.5

824.97

WOB: 6 klbs; RPM: 106 Totco Survey

1.5

1153.60

580.91

1149 (17.5" hole)

0.5

1148.96

1507 (12.25" hole)

0.5

1506.94

1880 (12.25" hole)

2090 (12.25" hole)

0.75
1.25

1879.84
2089.50

2591 (8.5" hole)

0.75

2590.78

3091 (8.5" hole)

0.75

3090.74

3590 (8.5" hole)

0.5

3589.86

4091 (8.5" hole)

0.85

4090.55

417 (8.5" pilot

hole)
825 (8.5" pilot
hole)
1154 (8.5" pilot
hole)
581 (17.5" hole)

4591
(8.5" hole)
1.25
4589.91
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WOB: 7.6 klbs; RPM:

106
WOB: 6 klbs; RPM: 140
WOB: 7.5 klbs; RPM:
120
WOB: 6.5 klbs; RPM:
122
WOB: 6 klbs; RPM: 122
WOB: 8 klbs; RPM: 130
WOB: 5.2 klbs; RPM:
122
WOB: 7.6 klbs; RPM:
120
WOB: 7.2 klbs; RPM:
121
WOB: 10.8 klbs; RPM:
126
WOB: 8.5 klbs; RPM:
121

Tool

Totco Survey
Totco Survey
Totco Survey
Totco Survey
Totco Survey
Totco Survey
Totco Survey
Totco Survey
Totco Survey
Totco Survey
Totco Survey

Conclusion
Pendulum Assembly: The assembly should have two string stabilizers with
the second
stabilizer not more than 30 feet above the first.
Adjust WOB below WOB critical to minimize buckling effect
Coordinate with G&G / WSG to determine the type of formation
Control hole angle by Run survey (Totco) every 300 ft
Recommendation: reduce the weight on the bit and speed up the rotary
table, high speed (120 160 RPM) will assist the tendency to drill straight.
Perform drill of test to determine the optimum drilling parameter (WOB &
RPM)
Stabilize the drill stem, do not use single stabilizer just above the bit to
prevent a fulcrum or pivot point
A stabilizer placed at 60 ft (18.3 m) and 90 ft (27.4 m) in the drill stem will
help to minimize drill collar bending.
Vibration may cause failure to the teeth and bearing of the bit, optimum
penetration rate is achieved without vibration

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References
Smith Services. (2001) Drilling Assembly Handbook. Houston: Smith Services.
Best Drilling Practices. (2011). Stick Slip Mitigation [Power Point Slides]. Retrieved
from http://best-drilling.weebly.com/uploads/6/5/2/3/6523577/stick-slip_mitigation.pdf.
Menand, stephane. (2012). Latest Advancements in Drillstring Mechanics: BHA &
Buckling Modeling [Power Point Slides]. Retrieved from http://www.iaddintl.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=X8o2os/08pw%3D.
F. Prassl, Wolfgang. (2009). Drilling Engineering. Curtin University of Technology.
Gray, Richard. Getting Straight. Burren Energy Plc. Retrieved from
http://www.eng.rpi-inc.ru/materials/4/Mnov1718/Burren%20Gray%20ENG.pdf.

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