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Principles of Mass
Transfer

(CHAPTER 7a)
Mass Transfer Coefficient for
Various Geometries
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Topic Outcomes
It

is expected that student will be able to:

Apply the convective mass transfer
coefficient of molecular diffusion in various
geometries.
Solve mathematical solution of molecular
diffusion in various geometries.

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Content
Prediction

of mass transfer coefficient

Dimensionless number
Mass Transfer for Flow Inside Pipes
Mass Transfer for Flow Parallel to Flat
Plates
Mass Transfer for Flow Past Single Spheres
Mass Transfer to Packed Bed
Flow Perpendicular to Single Cylinder

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Dimensionless Number

Reynolds Number

N Re

Equation 7.3.1

L= Dp for sphere; Diameter, D for pipe; Length, L for flat plate

Schmidt Number

N Sc
DAB

Equation 7.3.2

Sherwood Number

k'c L (k c y BM )L k'x L
N

sh
DAB
DAB
c DAB

Equation 7.3.3

- Use for correction of mass transfer coefficient obtained from experimental data
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Dimensionless Number

Stanton Number

k'c k'G P k'y

N St

v
GM
GM

Equation 7.3.4

GM= v/MAv=vc

JD factor

JD

2
2
1
k' c
k'G P
3
3
3
N

N
/
N
.N
Sc
Sc
Sh
Re
Sc
v
GM

Equation 7.3.5

- Use for correction of mass transfer coefficient obtained from experimental data

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Flow Inside
Pipes
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Mass Transfer for Flow Inside Pipes

1.

Laminar Flow

For liquid and gases flowing inside pipe

N Re < 2100

For gases;

N Re N Sc

D
less than 70; use Figure 7.3-2 with rodlike flow
L 4

For liquids;

N Re N Sc

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D
L 4

greater than 400; use formula:

W
c A c A0

5.5
c Ai c A0
DAB L

2 / 3

Equation 7.3.24
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Laminar Flow

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Mass Transfer for Flow Inside Pipes

2.

0.6 <N

Re

Turbulent Flow

> 2100

N Sh

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Sc

< 3000

k 'c D (kc pBM ) D

0.83
0.33

0.023N Re N Sc
DAB
DAB

Equation 7.3.25

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Example 1 : Mass Transfer Inside a

Tube
o

A tube is coated on the inside with naphthalene and

has an inside diameter of 20 mm and a length of
1.10 m. Air at 318 K and an average pressure of
101.3 kPa flows through this pipe at a velocity of
0.80 m/s. Assuming that the absolute pressure
remains essentially constant, calculate the
concentration of naphthalene in the exit air.
(DAB = 6.92 x 10-6 m2/s, pAi = 74 Pa)
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Problem 1 : Mass Transfer from a Pipe

Wall
o

Pure water at 26.1oC is flowing at a velocity of

0.0305 m/s in a tube having an inside diameter of
6.35 mm. The tube is 1.829 m long, with the last
1.22 m having the walls coated with benzoic acid.
Assuming that the velocity profile is fully developed,
calculate the average concentration of benzoic acid
at the outlet. The solubility and diffusivity of benzoic
acid in water is 0.02948 kg mol/m 3 and 1.245 x 10-9
m2/s, respectively.
Ans: cA = 2.193 x 10-3 kg mol/m3
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Flow
Parallel to
Flat Plates
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Mass Transfer for Flow Parallel to Flat Plates

For gases or evaporation of liquids in the gas phase

Laminar region; NRe < 15 000

Equation 7.3.26

0.5
J D 0.664 N Re,
L

In terms of Sherwood number JD= N

N sh

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Sh

/ (N

Re

Sc

1/3

k c' .L
1
0.5

0.664 N Re, L N sc3

D AB

Equation 7.3.27

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Mass Transfer for Flow Parallel to Flat Plates

Gases and 15 000 < NRe < 300 000

0.2
J D 0.036 N Re,
L

Equation 7.3.28

Liquid and 600 < NRe < 50 000

0.5
J D 0.99 N Re,
L

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Equation 7.3.29

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Example 2 : Mass Transfer from a Flat

Plate
o

A large volume of pure water at 26.1 oC is flowing parallel to a

flat plate of solid benzoic acid, where L = 0.244 m in the
direction of flow. The water velocity is 0.061 m/s. The
solubility of benzoic acid in water is 0.02948 kg mol/m 3. The
diffusivity of benzoic acid is 1.245 x 10-9 m2/s. Calculate the
mass-transfer coefficient kL and the flux NA.

(Assume: solution is very dilute, xBM ~ 1)

Ans: kL = 5.85 x 10-6 m/s
NA = 1.726 x 10-7 kg mol/s.m2
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Problem 2
o

Estimate the value of the mass transfer coefficient

in a stream of air flowing parallel to a flat plate
0.152 m in length made of solid naphthalene at
325.6 K. The velocity of the air is 1.524 m/s 325.6 K
and 101.3 kPa. The DAB of naphthalene in air is
5.16 x 10-6 m2/s at 273 K and 202.6 kPa. Predict the
value of Stanton Number.
Ans: kC = 7.55 x 10-3 m/s
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Nst = 4.95 x 10-3

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Flow Past
Single
Spheres
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Mass Transfer for Flow Past Single Spheres

Gases; 0.6 < N Sc < 2.7; 1 < N Re < 48 000

N Sh 2 0.552 N Re

N Sc

1/ 3

Equation 7.3.33

Liquid; 2 < N Re < 2 000

N Sh 2 0.95 N Re

0.53

0.50

N Sc

1/ 3

Equation 7.3.34

Liquid; 2 000 < N Re < 17 000

N Sh 0.347 N Re
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0.62

N Sc

1/ 3

Equation 7.3.35

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Example 3 : Mass Transfer from a

Sphere
o

Calculate the value of mass transfer coefficient, kG

and the flux for mass transfer from a sphere of
naphthalene to air at 45oC and 1 atm abs flowing at
a velocity of 0.305 m/s. The diameter of the sphere
is 25.4 mm. The diffusivity of naphthalene in air at
45oC is 6.92 x 10-6 m2/s and the vapor pressure of
solid naphthalene is 0.555 mm Hg.
Ans: kG = 2.16 x 10-9 kg mol/s.m2.Pa
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NA = 1.6 x 10-7 kg mol/s.m2

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Problem 3
o

It is desired to estimate the mass-transfer

coefficient in kG kg mol/s.m2.Pa for water vapor in
air at 338.6 K and 101.32 kPa flowing in a large
duct past solids of 25.4 mm diameter sphere. The
velocity in the duct is 3.66 m/s. The water vapor
concentration in the air is small, so the physical
properties of air can be used.
Ans: kG = 1.98 x 10-8 kg mol/s.m2.Pa
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Mass
Transfer to
Packed Bed
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Mass Transfer to Packed Bed

1. Gases in packed bed of spheres; 10 < N Re < 10 000;

0.4548
0.4069
JD
N Re

Equation 7.3.36

Where, NRe is

N Re

D p '

v = superficial velocity
Dp = Diameter of the spheres

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Mass Transfer to Packed Bed

2. Liquid in packed bed; 0.0016 < NRe < 55 ; 165 < N Sc < 70 000

1.09
2 / 3
JD
N Re

Equation 7.3.37

3. Liquid in packed bed; 55 < NRe < 1 500 ; 165 < N Sc < 10 690

0.250
0.31
JD
N Re

Equation 7.3.38

4. Gases or Liquid in Fluidized bed of spheres; 10 < N Re < 4 000

0.458
0.4069
JD
N Re

Equation 7.3.36

5. Liquid in Fluidized bed; 1 < NRe < 10

JD
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1.1068
0.72
N Re

Equation 7.3.39
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Example 4 : Mass Transfer of a Liquid

in a Packed Bed
Pure water at 26.1oC flows at the rate of 5.514 x10-7 m3/s
through a packed bed of benzoic acid spheres having a
diameter of 6.375 mm and the void fraction is 0.436. The
tower diameter is 0.0667 m.
(Assume: solution is very dilute)
a.Predict the mass transfer coefficient kC .
b.Stanton

Number, Nst
Ans: kC = 4.528 x 10-6 m/s
Nst = 0.0287

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Problem 4
o

Mercury at 26.5oC is flowing through a packed bed

of lead spheres having a diameter of 2.096 mm
with a void fraction of 0.499. The superficial velocity
is 0.02198 m/s. The Schmidt number is 124.1, the
viscosity of the solution is 1.577 x 10-3 Pa.s and the
density is 13 530 kg/m3. Predict the value of JD and
kC
Ans: JD = 0.078
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kC = 6.89 x 10-5 m/s

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Mass Transfer Rate for Packed Bed

Mass transfer rate is calculated using log mean driving force at

inlet and outlet of the bed

(c Ai c A1 ) (c Ai c A 2 )
N A A Ak c
(c Ai c A1 )
In
(c Ai c A 2 )

Equation 7.3.42

cAi = concentration at the surface of the solid

cA1 = inlet bulk fluid conc.
cA2 = outlet bulk fluid conc.

Material-balance equation on the bulk stream

N A A V (c A2 c A1 )

Equation 7.3.43

v = volumetric flow rate of fluid entering in m 3/s

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Problem 5
o

Pure water at 26.5oC is flowing at a rate of 0.0701

ft3/h through a packed bed of 0.251-in. benzoic acid
spheres having a total surface areas of 0.129 ft 2.
The solubility of benzoic acid in water is 0.00184 lb
mol benzoic acid/ft3 solution. Calculate the mass
transfer coefficient kC if the outlet concentration CA2
is 1.8 x 10-4 lb mol/ft3.
Ans: kC = 4.73 x 10-6 m/s
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Flow Perpendicular to Single Cylinder

0.6 < N Sc < 2.6 for Gases

1 000 < N Sc < 3 000 for Liquid
50 < N Re < 50 000

J D 0.600 N Re

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0.487

Equation 7.3.45

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