INFRARED

SPECTROSCOPY

MOHAMED NIJAS V
S5
I.S.P

CONTENT
SPECTROSCOPY.
IR SPECTROSCOPY.
MOLECULAR VIBRATIONS.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS.

SPECTROSCOPY???
Method of Seeing the unseeable
E
M
R

Atoms
Molecules

Using electromagnetic radiation to obtain

information about atoms and molecules that are

too small to see.

Spectroscopy is an instrumentally aided study of

the interactions between matter (sample being
analyzed) and energy (any portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum)
EMR

ANALYTE

SPECTROPHOTOGRAPH

Conc. should be
lower
1.UV-Visible radiations--------excitation of electrons---------UV-visible spectrum
2.IR-radiations------------------vibration changes in electrons--------IR spectrum
3.Radio frequency---------------spin rotational changes-------------N.M.R spectrum

IR SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Energy of molecule = Electronic energy+
Vibrational energy + Rotational energy
Concerned with the study of absorption of infrared
radiation, which causes vibrational transition in the
molecule.
Thus known as Vibrational spectroscopy.
Mainly used in structure elucidation to determine
the functional groups.

IR region: 0.8
m (800nm) to
1000 m (1mm)
Near IR: 0.8-2
m

Middle IR: 2-15

m

Far IR: 15-1000

m

Most of the analytical applications are confined to the

middle IR region because absorption of organic
molecules are high in this region.

PRINCIPLE OF IR SPECTROSCOPY
Molecules are made up of atoms linked by chemical bonds.

The movement of atoms and the chemical bonds look like

spring and balls (vibration).

This characteristic vibration are called

Natural frequency of vibration.

Applied infrared frequency = Natural frequency of vibration
Change in dipole moment is required

MOLECULAR VIBRATIONS
Stretching vibrations
Vibration or oscillation
along the line of bond
Change in bond length
Occurs at higher energy:
4000-1250 cm-1
a) Symmetrical stretching
b) Asymmetrical stretching

Bending vibrations
Vibration not along the
line of bond
Bond angle is altered
Occurs at low energy:
1400-666 cm-1
a) In plane bending
b) Out plane bending

STRECHING VIBRATIONS
a) Symmetrical stretching:
2 bonds increase or decrease in length simultaneously.
H

b) Asymmetrical stretching
in this, one bond length is increased and other is decreased.

a) In plane bending
i. Scissoring:
. 2 atoms approach each other
. Bond angles are decrease
H
C
H

ii. Rocking:
. Movement of atoms take place in the same direction.

b) Out plane bending

i. Wagging:
2 atoms move to one side of the plane. They move up and down
H
the plane.
C
ii. Twisting:
H
. One atom moves above the plane and another atom moves
below the plane.
H
C
H

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

COMPONENTS
1. Source
2. Fore optics
3. Monochromator
4. Detector
5. Recorder

SOURCE
Ideal => black body radiator
COMMONLY USED =>globar FILAMENT &NERNST GLOWER
Globar- resistance rod of silicon carbide
Nernst glower-a spindle of rare earth
oxide(thorium,zirconium,etc)
Globar-for longer wavelengths
Nernst glower-for shorter wavelengths

FORE OPTICS
CONSISTS OF SOURCE,MIRRORS
M1,M2 AND A ROTATING MIRROR M
M1,M2 DIVIDES THE BEAM
M ALTERNATELY ALLOWS
THESAMPLE BEAM AND
REFERENCE BEAM TO PASS
THROUGH

MONOCHROMATOR
Splits the polychromatic readiation to component

wavelengths.
Make use of prisms or grating or both.
Resolution depends on slit width and quality of mirrors.
Rock salt prism is generally use d in the range of 6504000cm-1

DETECTOR
Measure the radiant energy by its heating effect.
Thermopiles bolometer and golay cells are generally used
Photoconductivity is also used.
Radiation is allowed to fall on photo conducting material and the
conductivity of the material is measured continuously by a bridge network.
Once the sample absorbs radiation, there will be inequality between the
two radiations and signal will be produced.

THE RECORDER
The amplified signal is used to move an attenuator which cuts
down the radiation coming out of the reference beam until
energy balance is restored.
This is achieved by a motor which drives the comb into the
reference beam when an absorbing band is encountered and
out of the beam when the band is passed over.
The recorder pen is also coupled to this motor so that the
comb movement is followed exactly y the pen