MOD 02 Link Planning R0

Section 2
Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.
List of Topics
Introduction
Microwave Link Planning
Process Flow Chart
Section Objectives
At the completion of Section student will be able to
understand:
Objectives of Transmission Engineering when

planning and designing microwave links and
Networks.
Steps involved in planning and designing reliable

and cost effective microwave networks.
Introduction
Transmission Engineering objects are to ensures that:
Network Performance objectives will be met.
Periods of Network Unavailability will not occur.
Transmission System is designed to comply with the

established Standards and Governmental regulations
and operate harmoniously amongst itself and with
other systems in the vicinity.
Microwave Link Planning

General design considerations:
Specifications of the network and system
Preliminary map study and site locations
Field survey and site survey
Preparation of path profiles
Determination of antenna heights
Ground-reflection calculations
Performance and availability predictions
Frequency planning
Equipment selection
Grounding and safety considerations
The Planning Process Teams

Network User: Fixed,
Mobile, Utility, TV, PMP
Site Acquisition Team

Systems engineer
LOS Survey Team
Transmissions engineer
Network and Systems Specifications
Performance and Availability requirements
Network configuration
Capacity dimensioning, initial and

predicted
Radio Frequency Bands available
Existing radio sites in the area
Preliminary Map Study

Purpose of Preliminary Map Study ( Preparation of Field
Survey ):
To familiarize with the overall system layout
To assemble information including, but not
limited to, the best available topographic
mapping for the area under consideration, site
addresses, site names or designations, site
coordinates and elevations
Map Study: Task Description
Establishment of site coordinates
Generation of Path profile
Identification of Reflective surfaces
Identification of Critical points
In the case of an existing structure ( building /tower ), the

orientation of the structure with respect to Path Azimuth
In all cases, an inventory of existing antenna including antenna

height AGL and azimuth.
Field Survey and Site Determination
Field Survey shall include:

Verify exact site coordinates
Confirmation of LOS
Check-up of suspected reflection points,vegetation
buildings and other man made obstacles
Determination of height of, and distance to critical
obstacles
Check propagation conditions
Classify Path types
Site survey
10
Site Survey
Site survey shall include:

Access to site
Available space for building (s)/shelter(s) and
tower/mast/passive repeater
Soil bearing
Possibilities for developing the site
Access to commercial power
Type, location and height of nearby obstruction
Correlation between the map and the reality with respect
to the site and its close vicinity
11
Site Survey Accuracy Specifications
Site coordinates to an accuracy of +/- 1 inch of

an arc
Geodetic elevation of each site to an accuracy of

+/- 1.5 meters or better.
12
Survey Equipment
Maps in scale 1 : 50 000 or better
Camera, digital camera is used occasionally
Binoculars
Compass
Altimeters
Thermometer
Signaling mirrors
Hand-held radio communication equipment
13
Survey Equipment
Tape measure
Satellite navigation equipment ( GPS )
Theodolite
Antenna horns
Low noise amplifier
Spectrum analyser
Portable personal computer
Walkie-talkie or cellular phone ( verify coverage )
14
Survey Report
This report can include the following :
Confirmation of LOS indicating equipment used for accuracy
Site description and layout
Antenna and tower heights
Path Classifications ( overland paths, coastal links or water paths )
Path elevations, coordinates, heights of obstructions and vegetations
Propagation conditions
Frequency interference probabilities
Photographs
15
Determination of Antenna Heights

The antenna height should be chosen in such a way that
obstruction losses during refractive conditions are
acceptable.
Also, we must consider the increased risk for ground
reflections if too large a clearance is used.
Antenna heights for a path can be obtained:
Graphically from path profiles
Using Link planning software tools
16
Ground-reflection Calculations
Reflective Fading may be the cause of a reduction in the
receiver input level.
Points of reflection points must be determined and
appropriate measures shall be taken to minimize their
effects.
Reflection points can be determined:
By Geometrical method
Analytical methods
Transmission Link Planning Software
17
Performance and Availability Predictions

In general, the transmission performance of a digital radio
transmission system is expressed in term of BER outage.
The value to be applied as performance objective shall
comply with either the North American Objectives or as
objectives set by ITU-T and ITU-R in recommendations
G.821,G.826, G827 and G828
18
Frequency Planning
Radio signals have to be frequency-separated if neither
antenna discrimination nor topographical shielding
provides the necessary suppression of interfering
signals.
All frequencies used in a radio-relay network should
normally be selected from an established frequency
plan, established either by international or national
organization.
19
Equipment Selection
During equipment selection process, the practical technical and, to
some extent, economical aspects for the choice of equipment shall
be taken into account. Typical equipment list consists of:
Radio system
Passive repeaters ( if necessary )
Antenna and feeders
Dehydrators ( if needed )
Primary power supply
Towers and masts
Equipment shelter
20
Detailed Process Flowchart
The following view graphs summarize the

entire process of Transmission Network
Planning tasks executed by the Planning
process teams.
21
Detailed Process Flowchart

Receive Systems Input
Perform Preliminary Analysis and Design
Path Calculations
Routing
Equipment Determination
System Layout
Review Input
Understand
Clarify
Recommend
Profiles
Available
?
Obtain Min. Information

Protection Scheme
Coordinates or Path Length
Capacity
NO
YES
Perform Field Survey

Verify Sites
Path Clearance
22
Detailed Process Flowchart (Cont'd)

A
Meet
Clearance
Criteria
?
Antenna
Centerlines
Calculations
YES
Meet
SES/any month
Objective
?
NO
Modify Design
Wave guide Type
Dish Size
Tx Output Power
Diversity Scheme
NO
Modify Design
Change
Centerline
YES
Begin Frequency
Interference Study
Intra-System
Inter-System
23
Process Flowchart (Contd)

B
Begin Frequency
Interface Study
Intra-System
Inter-System
HL-Low
Violations
?
YES
NO
YES
Frequency Pairs
Assigned?
NO
Determine Pairs
ITU-T Channel Plans
Minimum T/R Spacing
Perform Frequency
Interference Study
T/I Curves
Antenna Type/Size
and patterns
Tx Output Power
Polarization
Radio Capacities
Coordinates (or
Azmuths
and Distance)
Modify Design
Move Frequency pairs
Modify Design
Move Frequency pairs
Obtain Additional Pairs
Change Polarization
Upgrade Antennas
YES
Intra-System
Interference
NO
DONE
24

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Section 2

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microwave Link Planning

Process Flow Chart

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives of Transmission Engineering when

Steps involved in planning and designing reliable

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Network Performance objectives will be met.

Periods of Network Unavailability will not occur.

Transmission System is designed to comply with the

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microwave Link Planning

The Planning Process Teams

Site Acquisition Team

LOS Survey Team

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Network and Systems Specifications

Performance and Availability requirements

Capacity dimensioning, initial and

Radio Frequency Bands available

Existing radio sites in the area

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Preliminary Map Study

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Map Study: Task Description

Establishment of site coordinates

Generation of Path profile

Identification of Reflective surfaces

Identification of Critical points

In the case of an existing structure ( building /tower ), the

In all cases, an inventory of existing antenna including antenna

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Field Survey and Site Determination

Field Survey shall include:

Site survey shall include:

Site Survey Accuracy Specifications

Site coordinates to an accuracy of +/- 1 inch of

Geodetic elevation of each site to an accuracy of

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Maps in scale 1 : 50 000 or better

Camera, digital camera is used occasionally

Hand-held radio communication equipment

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Satellite navigation equipment ( GPS )

Low noise amplifier

Portable personal computer

Walkie-talkie or cellular phone ( verify coverage )

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confirmation of LOS indicating equipment used for accuracy

Site description and layout

Antenna and tower heights

Path Classifications ( overland paths, coastal links or water paths )

Path elevations, coordinates, heights of obstructions and vegetations

Frequency interference probabilities

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Determination of Antenna Heights

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Performance and Availability Predictions

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2005 Telefocal Asia Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

Detailed Process Flowchart

The following view graphs summarize the