Trisakti 2015 01 Teknik Reservoir Lanjut OK

TEKNIK RESERVOIR LANJUT
Dr. Ir. Rachmat Sudibjo
Teknik Perminyakan
1
Trisakti
SHALLOW ANTICLINAL TRAP
INTEGRATED PETROPHYSICS
INTEGRATED PETROPHYSICS
CORING
CONVENTIONAL CORE
PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
Thin Section Petrography
THE TYPICAL COMPONENTS

OF A SANDSTONE RESERVOIR
POORLY SORTED SANDSTONE
OOLITIC LIMESTONE
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

ANALYSIS
USEFUL POROSITY
Some micro porosity may not be observed in conventional core analysis.

Most porosity indicating logs see unconnected porosity, but the sonic log
may not see any or all of the microporosity.
FLUID SATURATIONS
CAPILLARY PRESSURE
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
LOGGING UNIT
DRILLING FLUID INVASION
Resistivity Response versus

Depth of Investigation
THE PETROPHYSICAL MODEL
GENERAL RULES FOR PICKING LOG VALUES
In thick beds, pick average values

(heavy black vertical lines) ===>
Old style induction log, layer roughly

15 feet (5 meters), pick peaks and valleys;
other logs, pick averages ===>
RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION
PVT
Gas
Sep.
Diff. Flow
Regime
Oil
Stoc
k
Tank
Transport
Objectives of PVT Analysis
Reservoir fluid type

Physical properties of reservoir fluids
EOS vs. measured data
PVT models
Composition of recovered fluids
Composition of remaining fluids
Well stream composition
Completion design
Separator/NGL plant specifications
Product values Vs. time
Reservoir Fluid
Type Identification
Analyzing a fluid sample in the laboratorium
Production data:
Initial GOR
API
Oil color
C7+
Reservoir Fluid Types Classification
Black Oil Phase Diagram
initial reservoir
conditions (P&T):
much lower than the
critical conditions
heavy molecules
(C7+)
concentration: high
Volatile Oil Phase Diagram
initial reservoir
conditions
(P&T): close to
the critical
conditions
fewer heavy
molecules (C7+)
than black oil
Retrograde Gas Phase Diagram

The initial reservoir
conditions (P&T):
higher than the critical
conditions
fewer heavy molecules
than volatile oils
The overall
composition of the
reservoir fluid
becomes heavier as
the gas is produced
and the heavier
condensate remains
behind
Wet Gas Phase Diagram

Reservoir Temperature
above Cricondentherm
(pressure path not enter
phase envelope)
Separator condition: the

fluid is in two phases
Gravity of stock tank
liquid same as
retrograde gas -constant
during life of field
Wet gas
Pressure
Reservoir fluid is in gas

phase throughout the
reservoir life
Pressure path
in reservoir
Critical
point
% Liquid
Separator
Temperature
Dry Gas Phase Diagram

Pressure path
in reservoir
Primarily methane and

some intermediates
The reservoir fluid is in

gas phase throughout
the reservoir life
Pressure
No liquids formed in
reservoir as well as at
surface
Dry gas
% Liquid
Separator
Temperature
Reservoir Fluids Phase Diagram Window

OIL
Heavy Oil
Black Oil
GAS
Volatile
Oil
Cricondenbar
Retrograde
Gas
Wet
Gas
Dry
Gas
Critical Point
B
Pressure
Bubble
Point
Loci
Dew Point
Loci
Retrograde
Region
Cricondenterm
Two Phase Region
C
Temperature
C7+ & GOR for Reservoir Fluids
Composition of Reservoir Fluids
Differences Between Black and

Volatile Oil
Black Oil
The evolved gas is a dry gas.

The solution gases remain gas phase in the reservoir,
tubulars and separator.

As reservoir pressure decreases, the gas leaving
solution, becomes richer in intermediate components.

API gradually decreases during the reservoir life.
Phase Diagram of Black Oil and Associated Gas
Production Processes for a Black Oil
Differences Between Black and

Volatile Oil
Volatile Oil
The evolved gas is a retrograde gas.

The evolved retrograde gases release a large
amount of. condensate at surface conditions.
Often over one half of the stock tank liquid
produced during the reservoirs life.
API steadily increases with time.
Phase Diagram of Volatile Oil and

Associated Gas
Production Processes for a Volatile Oil
Analysis and Prediction Tool

Black Oil Mbal
Assume free gas in the reservoir remains gas in the separator
Treat a multi component black oil mixture as a two-component
mixture: gas and oil
Volatile Oil Mbal

Treat mixture as a multi-component mixture
Total composition of the production stream is known
Effect of Using Black Oil Mbal

for Volatile Oil
Differentiation between Volatile and

Retrograde
A GOR of 3200
SCF/STB is a good
cut-off
A value of 12.5
mole % of C7+ is a
useful dividing line
Differences between Volatile Oil and

Retrograde Gas
Retrograde Gas
GOR increases with time as condensate dropout
API increases with time
Compositional Mbal should be used in reservoir
calculations
Conventional gas Mbal can be used above dew point
Also, it can be used below dew point if two phase Z-factors
are used
Differences between Retrograde and Wet

Gas
An initial GOR of
15,000 SCF/STB
can be a cutoff
A value of 4 mole%
or less can be
useful dividing line
Field and Laboratory Identification

of Reservoir Fluids
Reservoir Fluid Sampling

Open Hole Sampling:
RFT, small sample volume and often contaminated
MDT, allows controlled drawdown and multiple
sample chambers
Optical MDT, allows to identify the type of fluid
being sampled
Cased Hole Sampling:
Surface Sampling
Subsurface Sampling
Surface & Subsurface Sampling
Well Conditioning during Sampling

Small perforation is preferable
Limiting drawdown
Large tubing diameter in case of high rates
Better well cleaning
Stable production
No liquid slugging
Small amount of produced fluid prior to sampling
Laboratory Tests
Primary tests
API
Gas specific gravity
Separator gas composition
GOR
Routine laboratory tests
Constant-Composition Expansion - CCE

Differential Liberation
Constant-Volume Depletion CVD
Separator Test
Special laboratory PVT tests
Constant Composition Expansion

CCE Test
the purposes is to determinine:
Saturation pressure (bubble-point or dew-point pressure)
Isothermal compressibility coefficients of the singlephase fluid in excess of saturation pressure
Compressibility factors of the gas phase
Total hydrocarbon volume as a function of pressure
CCE Test Procedures

pb
Vt Liquid Vt
Liqui
Liquid
Vt
d
Liqui
Liquid
Liquid
d
Vt
Gas
Liquid
Hg
Hg
Hg
Hg
First
Step
Second
Step
Third
Step
Vt
Gas
Liquid
Hg
Fourth
Step
CCE Test Data
Differential Liberation Test

The experimental data obtained from the test include:
Amount of gas in solution as a function of pressure
The shrinkage in the oil volume as a function of pressure
Properties of the evolved gas including the composition
of the liberated gas, the gas compressibility factor, and
the gas specific gravity
Density of the remaining oil as a function of pressure
Differential Liberation Expansion Test

Procedures
Gas
pb
Vo Liquid
Gas
Vo Liquid
Liquid
Vo Liquid
Gas
Liquid
Hg
Hg
Hg
Hg
Gas
First step
Hg
Differential Liberation Test Data
Separator Test Procedures scf

pb
Rsb =
Gas
STB
Gas
scf
Liquid
scf
Hg
Hg
Separator
resbbl
Stock
tank
Liquid
STB
Liquid
Bob =
resbbl
STB
Separator Test Data
CVD Test Procedures
Constant Volume Depletion

CVD Test
FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR

Volume @ kondisi reservoir / volume @ kondisi
permukaan (standar)
Sangat praktis untuk

konversi
volume dari kondisi
reservoir
ke permukaan dan
sebaliknya
Juga dapat digunakan
Bo = 1 1.4
untuk
mengkonversi unit
volume
Bw = 1 1.1
dari bbl > scf etc
Bg = 0.005teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik

63
perminyakan - trisakti
0.007
MONETIZATION (VOL.
STANDARD)
$$
$
$$
$
material balance: diperlukan

konversi dari volume reservoir
64
teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik perminyakan - trisakti
ke volume permukaan
Pressure Gradient
P grad water
= 0.433 psi/ft
P grad oil
= 0.35 psi/ft
P grad gas
= 0.08 psi/ft
teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik

65
Reserve Estimation
Methods
1. Volumetric Method
Early stage of reservoir development
Geology, Geophysics, Rock and Fluid
properties
Recovery Factor (RF) assigned arbitrarily
No time dependency, No Production data
Reservoir limits for reserve classification
Structure on top of production well
BHP vs Depth
BHP vs depth (upper & lower bonds of

prediction confidence at @ 80%
Pressure- gradient method
Capillary chart that ilustrates the shift across the boundary between good
and poor quality sand
Structure map on top of porosity

Minimum cut off:
permeability = 1 md
Porosity = 2-4% (carbonate)
= 7-10%(sandstone)
Isopach map of total net sand
Net oil isopach above HKW
Isopach of total net oil sand
Perhitungan Kandungan Minyak

(OOIP) Secara Volumetric
Reserve Estimation
Methods
2.Material Balance
Later stage of development
Geological data, Rock and Fluid properties,
Production data
RF is calculated
Time dependant
DRIVE MECHANISM
SOLUTION
GAS DRIVE:
RF= 1015%
GAS CAP
GAS DRIVE
RF = 15
25%
WATER
DRIVE
RF = 20
teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik perminyakan
80 - trisakti
40%
SOLUTION GAS DRIVE
Solution Gas Drive

Crude oil under high pressure may contain large amounts of
dissolved gas. When the reservoir pressure is reduced as fluids
are withdrawn, gas comes out of the solution and displaces oil
from the reservoir to the producing wells. The efficiency of
solution gas drive depends on the amount of gas in solution, the
rock and fluid properties and the geological structure of the
reservoir.
Recoveries are low, on the order of 10-15 % of the original oil in
place (OOIP). Recovery is low, because the gas phase is more
mobile than the oil phase in the reservoir.
Solution gas drive reservoirs are usually good candidates for
water-flooding
GAS CAP DRIVE
Gas Cap Drive

The initial reservoir pressure is below the
bubble point, so there is more free gas in the
reservoir than the oil can retain in solution.
This free gas, because of density difference,
accumulates at the top of the reservoir and
forms a cap.
In gas cap drive reservoirs, wells are drilled
and completed in the oil producing layer of
the formation.
As oil production causes a reduction in
pressure, the gas in gas cap expands and
pushes oil into the well bores.
WATER DRIVE
Water Drive
Most oil or gas reservoirs have water aquifers. When this
water aquifer is continuously fed by incoming water, then
this bottom water will expand as pressure of the oil/gas zone
is reduced because of production.
The expanding water also moves and displaces oil or gas in
an upward direction from lower parts of the reservoir, so the
pore spaces vacated by oil or gas produced are filled by
water.
The oil and gas are progressively pushed by water towards
the well bore. Recovery factor may reach 50% of the original
oil in place (OOIP)
GRAVITY DRAINAGE
Gravity Drainage
Gravity drainage may be a primary producing

mechanism in thick reservoirs that have a good
vertical communication or in steeply dipping
reservoirs.
Gravity drainage is a slow process because gas
must migrate up structure or to the top of the
formation to fill the space formerly occupied by
oil.
Gas migration is fast relative to oil drainage so
those oil rates are controlled by the rate of oil
drainage.
COMBINATION DRIVE
Material Balance Method

Underground withdrawal (oil + gas + water) =
Expansion of oil
+ dissolved gas (A)
+ Expansion f gas-cap gas (B)
+ Reduction in HCPV (C)
+ water influx (D)
Material Balance Method - Basic Principle

A = Increase in HCPV due to the expansion of the oil phase (oil
+dissolved gas).
B = Increase in HCPV due to the expansion of the gas phase (free
gasin the gas cap).
C = decrease in HCPV due to the combined effects of the
expansion of the connate water and the reduction in reservoir pore
volume.
D = decrease in HCPV due to water encroachment (from aquifer)
MATERIAL BALANCE
N=
N=vol. minyak @
standar
G=vol. gas @ standar
W=vol. air @ reservoir
m=vol.gas/vol.minyak
@reservoir
Np=prod.minyak@stan
dar
Gp=prod. gas@ standa
r
Wp=prod. air @
standar
Np[ Bt ( Rp Rsi ) Bg ] (We BwWp )
mBti We=intrusi air @
Bt Bti
( Bg Bgi )
Bgi
reservoir
91 unit vol.
Bo, Bg, Bw=
menyesuaikan
MATERIAL BALANCE
simultaneous drives
N=

mBti
Bt Bti
( Bg Bgi )
Bgi
92
MATERIAL BALANCE
simultaneous drives
N=

mBti
Bt Bti
( Bg Bgi )
Bgi
DDI = Depletion
Drive Index
SDI = Segregation
93
Drive Index
Straight Line MBE
MBE can be modified as equations of straight lines, which can be

applied to different types of reservoirs (Havlena Odeh).
F= N (Eo + m Eg + Ef,w) + We Bw
F = summation of production terms:
Np [Bo + (Rp Rs) Bg] + Wp Bw (rb)
Eo = Oil and Dissolved gas expansion terms
[ (Bo Boi) + (Rsi Rs) Bg
Eg = Gas cap expansion term
Boi (Bg / Bgi 1)
Ef,w = rock and water compression/expansion terms
(1+m) NBoi
--------------- (cw Swc + cf) p + We Bw
(1 Swc)
MBE- Definitions of Variables

Production data
Np = Cumulative oil produced (stb)
Gp = cumulative gas produced (scf)
Wp = Cumulative water produced (stb)
Rp = Gp/Np = Cumulative produced gas-oil ratio (scf/stb)
Reservoir Data
pi = Initial mean pressure in the reservoir (psi)
p = current mean pressure in the reservoir, (psi)
Swc = connate water saturation, (fraction)
cf = Compressibility of formation (psi-1)
Fluid PVT Data
Bgi = Initial gas volume factor at pi (ft3/scf)
Bg = Gas volume factor at current pressure p (ft3/scf)
Boi = Initial oil volume factor at pi (rb/stb)
Bo = Oil volume factor at current pressure p (rb/stb)
cw = Compressibility of water (psi-1)
Bw = Formation volume factor of water at current pressure p (rb/stb)
Rsi = solution gas-oil ratio at initial pressure pi (scf/stb)
Rs = solution gas-oil ratio at current pressure p (scf/stb)
No gas cap, no water drive
96
No gas cap
97
No water drive
98
No gas cap
99
No water drive
100
WATER INFLUX

mBti
Bt Bti
( Bg Bgi )
Bgi
DDI = Depletion Drive Index

SDI = Segregation Drive Index
WDI = Water Drive Index
DDI+SDI+WDI = 1
101
WATER INFLUX
STEADY STATE
: SCHILTHUIS
MODIFIED STEADY STATE
: HURST
UNSTEADY STATE
:
VAN
EVERDINGEN & HURST
teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik perminyakan

102
trisakti
WATER INFLUX

103
WATER INFLUX
k= konstanta water influx

[bbl/day/psi]
dp= (pi-p) di batas reservoir /
aquifer [psi]
c= konstanta water influx
[bbl/day/psi
dp= (pi-p) di batas reservoiraquifer [psi]
B= konstanta
water influx
[bbl/day/ps
a = konstanta
konversi
waktu
dp= penurunan
tekanan [psi]
[f. unit waktu]
Q(t)=dimensionless water influx
104
WATER INFLUX
VAN EVERDINGEN (RE/RW = 2 4)

105
VAN EVERDINGEN
(RE/RW = 5 10)
Van Everdingen (re/rw = 2 4)

106
RESERVE ESTIMATION
METHODS
3.Decline Curve Analysis

Later stage of development, production
rate undergoes natural decline
Mostly Production data, no Pressure data
RF is calculated
Time dependant
DECLINE CURVE OF AN OIL WELL
ADVANTAGE OF DECLINE CURVES

Decline curves are the most common means
of forecasting production. They
have many advantages:
Data is easy to obtain,
They are easy to plot,
They yield results on a time basis, and
They are easy to analyze.
EXPONENTIAL DECLINE
Exponential Deccline
the wells production data plots as a straight line on
a semilog paper. The equation is given by:
q = qi .eDt
where:
q = wells production rate at time t, STB/day
qi = wells production rate at time 0, STB/day
D = nominal exponential decline rate, 1/day
t = time, day
Hyperbolic Decline
Hyperbolic decline: plotted production shows

concaves upward data on a semilog paper.
The equation is given by:
Q = qi(1+bDi.t)-1/b
where:
Di = initial nominal exponential decline rate (t = 0), 1/day
b = hyperbolic exponent
t = time, day
HARMONIC DECLINE
harmonic decline: a special case of the hyperbolic decline
q = qi/(1+bDi.t)
where:
b=1
Di = initial nominal exponential decline rate (t = 0), 1/day
b = hyperbolic exponent = 1
t = time, day
RESERVE ESTIMATION
METHODS
4.Reservoir Simulation
can be applied at any production stage,
more reliable for matured reservoirs
Geological, Rock and Fluid properties,
Production data
More useful as reservoir management
tool
FRACT. FLOW & ITS DERIVATIVE

114
FRACTIONAL FLOW EQUATION

115
Front saturation and

reservoir average saturation

116
TRANSITION ZONE

117
2D FLUID FLOW

118
DISPLACEMENT FRONT

119
WELL PATTERNS
MICROSCOPIC DISPLACEMENT

121
VERTICAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY

122
VERTICAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY

123
SWEEP EFFICIENCY
SWEEP EFFICIENCY

125
AREAL & VERTICAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY

126
Displacement efficiency
where S oi = initial oil saturation at start of flood

B oi = oil FVF at start of flood, bbl/STB
= average oil saturation in the flood pattern at a particular
point during the flood
127
DYKSTRA PARSONS
coefficient of K variation (V)
V=
k50 = median permeability value, mD
k84.1 =permeability at 84.1%
probability

129
Plot of permeability data

on log normal paper
V=
K,
mD
0.01
50
99.99
Percent of sample with higher Permeability

130
Contoh perhitungan
HETEROGENITY
DYKSTRA PARSON, WOR = 1
log normal paper, 3 cycles
137
log normal paper, 3 cycles
138
contoh
Int #
Permeabilidad, k
Probabilidad
84,0
1,0
#NUM!
0,00
4,431 K84,1
11
73,0
1,0
-1,43
0,08
4,290 V:
0,7150
68,0
1,0
-1,02
0,15
4,220 H:
13
12
68,0
1,0
-0,74
0,23
4,220
62,0
1,0
-0,50
0,31
4,127
47,0
1,0
-0,29
0,38
3,850
10
38,0
1,0
-0,10
0,46
3,638
20,0
1,0
0,10
0,54
2,996
16,0
1,0
0,29
0,62
2,773
15,0
1,0
0,50
0,69
2,708
10,0
1,0
0,74
0,77
2,303
7,0
1,0
1,02
0,85
1,946
13
2,0
1,0
1,43
0,92
0,693

Ln(k) K50
23
7
139

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Trisakti 2015 01 Teknik Reservoir Lanjut OK

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TEKNIK RESERVOIR LANJUT

Dr. Ir. Rachmat Sudibjo

SHALLOW ANTICLINAL TRAP

THE TYPICAL COMPONENTS

POORLY SORTED SANDSTONE

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Some micro porosity may not be observed in conventional core analysis.

DRILLING FLUID INVASION

Resistivity Response versus

THE PETROPHYSICAL MODEL

GENERAL RULES FOR PICKING LOG VALUES

In thick beds, pick average values

Old style induction log, layer roughly

Objectives of PVT Analysis

Reservoir fluid type

Reservoir Fluid Types Classification

Black Oil Phase Diagram

Volatile Oil Phase Diagram

Retrograde Gas Phase Diagram

Wet Gas Phase Diagram

Separator condition: the

Reservoir fluid is in gas

Dry Gas Phase Diagram

Primarily methane and

The reservoir fluid is in

Reservoir Fluids Phase Diagram Window

Two Phase Region

C7+ & GOR for Reservoir Fluids

Composition of Reservoir Fluids

Differences Between Black and

The evolved gas is a dry gas.

tubulars and separator.

solution, becomes richer in intermediate components.

Phase Diagram of Black Oil and Associated Gas

Production Processes for a Black Oil

Differences Between Black and

The evolved gas is a retrograde gas.

Phase Diagram of Volatile Oil and

Production Processes for a Volatile Oil

Analysis and Prediction Tool

Volatile Oil Mbal

Effect of Using Black Oil Mbal

Differentiation between Volatile and

Differences between Volatile Oil and

Differences between Retrograde and Wet

Field and Laboratory Identification

Reservoir Fluid Sampling

Surface & Subsurface Sampling

Well Conditioning during Sampling

Routine laboratory tests

Constant-Composition Expansion - CCE

Special laboratory PVT tests

Constant Composition Expansion

CCE Test Procedures

CCE Test Data

Differential Liberation Test

Differential Liberation Expansion Test

Differential Liberation Test Data

Separator Test Procedures scf

Separator Test Data

CVD Test Procedures

Constant Volume Depletion

FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR

Sangat praktis untuk