SGDC 5013 : CURRICULUM & PEDAGOGY

The External Foundations

of Curriculum Design
Philosophical
Social
PREPARED BY :
IDAWATI BINTI YAACOB (812589)
NOR MAHANI BINTI MOHD ZAIN (812725)
TAN GEAT LIAN (817213)

PREPARED FOR :
DR. NAFISAH BT HJ MAHMUD

Foundations of Curriculum:
Definitions
of Curriculum
Philosophical

Hirst (1973) : described curriculum as a

is central to curriculum.
programme or course of educational activities.
Curriculum
influenced
the have outcomes, and are
activities
necessarily
i. goals marked out by their achievements.
The
activitiesand
are necessarily seen as the
ii. content
means
which lead to
of outcomes.
iii. organization
ofthe
theresults
curriculum.

studying
philosophy
allows us
to the
Kelly (2006)
: defined curriculum
as all
better which
understand
and
learning
is plannedschools
and guided
by their
the
curricular.
school,
whether it is carried on in groups or
individually, inside or outside the school.

Foundations of Curriculum:
Definitions
of Curriculum
Philosophical

Ornstein
(2009) :
is
central &toHunkins
curriculum.
Five ways in defining curriculum:
influenced
the
i.

ii.

iii.

goals
A plan for achieving goals
content and
Dealing with the learners
organization of the curriculum.

experiences
studying
philosophy
allows
uspeople
to
Is a system
for dealing
with
better
schools
Is a understand
field of study
with itsand
owntheir
curricular.
foundation
Is a subject matter or content

Foundations of Curriculum:
Definitions Philosophical
of the National Curriculum

Suatu program pendidikan yang termasuk kurikulum

central
to curriculum.
daniskegiatan
kokurikulum
yang merangkumi semua
pengetahuan,
kemahiran,

influenced
the norma, nilai, unsur
kebudayaan dan kepercayaan untuk membantu
i. goals seseorang murid dengan sepenuhnya
perkembangan
dari
ii. segi
content
jasmani,and
rohani, mental dan emosi serta untuk
menanam
dan mempertingkatkan
nilai moral yang
iii. organization
of the curriculum.
diingini dan untuk

studying pengetahuan
philosophy allows us to
menyampaikan

better understand schools and their

(Akta Pendidikan 1996 )
curricular.
[Peraturan-peraturan (Kurikulum Kebangsaan)
Pendidikan 1997]

Foundations of Curriculum:
Foundations
of Curriculum:
Philosophical
Philosophical

isiscentral
central to
to curriculum.
curriculum
influenced
the
influenced the

i. goals
i. goals
ii. content and
ii. content and
iii. organization of the curriculum.

iii. organization of the curriculum

studying
philosophy allows us to
better
studying
philosophyschools
allows usand
to better
understand
their
understand schools and their curricular
curricular.

Foundations of Curriculum:
Philosophical

Major Philosophies

is central to curriculum.
Idealism
influenced the
Realism
i.
goals
Pragmatism
ii.
content and
Existentialism

iii. organization of the curriculum.

studying philosophy allows us to

better understand schools and their
curricular.

Foundations of Curriculum:
Philosophical

Idealism

is central
curriculum.
Highestto
aim
is the search for truth
and values
influenced
thethat will stand the test
of time.
i. goals
Truth and
ii. content
andvalues are seen as
absolute, timeless,
and universal.
iii. organization
of the curriculum.
studying philosophy allows us to
better understand schools and their
curricular.

Foundations of Curriculum:
Philosophical

Idealism curriculum

is central
Curriculum
to curriculum.
is hierarchical.
Concept and
influenced
the abstract subjects
are the top subjects (philosophy,
i. goals
theology).
ii. content
and
organization
Promotes abstract
thinking
iii.
of the curriculum.
(Mathematics
is
considered
studying
philosophy allows us to
important
because
it
cultivates
better understand schools and their
the
power
to
deal
with
abstract
curricular.
thinking).
Language subject is important.

Foundations of Curriculum:
Philosophical

Realism

is central
People can
to curriculum.
come to know the
world through
influenced
the their senses and
reason.
i. goals
Things happen
according to
ii. content
and
purpose andofinthe
an orderly
way
iii. organization
curriculum.
(natural
law).
studying
philosophy allows us to
Truth emanate from both
better understand schools and their
science
and
art
curricular.

Foundations of Curriculum:
Philosophical

Realism Curriculum

Logic and
that exercise
is central
to lessons
curriculum.
the mind and that cultivate
influenced
rational the
thought are strees.
i. goals
Three Rs (Reading, Writing,
ii. content
and
Arithmatics)
Ethical, political,
iii. organization
of the economic
curriculum.
thought
studying
philosophy allows us to
Has organized separate subjects
better understand schools and their
curriculum. For example study
curricular.
of humankind experience
becomes history subject.

Pragmatism
Referred to as experimentalism,
onto
change,
process, and
is based
central
curriculum.
relativity.
influenced
the
Construes knowledge as a process
i. goals
in which reality is constantly
ii. content and
changing.
iii. organization of the curriculum.
Nothing can be viewed
studying philosophy allows us to
intelligently except in relation to
better
understand
schools
and
their
a pattern.
curricular.
Truth is no longer absolute or
unversal.
Foundations of Curriculum:
Philosophical

Foundations of Curriculum:
Philosophical

Pragmatism Curriculum

Views
teaching
as more
is
central
to curriculum.
exploratory than explanatory
influenced
the
Considers teaching and learning
i. goals
as process of reconstructing
ii. content and
experience according to
iii. organization of the curriculum.
scientific method.
studying
allows
us to
Focusesphilosophy
on problems
solving.
better understand schools and their
curricular.

Foundations of Curriculum:
Philosophical

Existentialism

Stress in individualism and

is central to curriculum.
personal self-fulfillment.
influenced
Prefer tothe
free learner to choose
i.
ii.
iii.

goals
content
what to and
study and determine
organization
of the curriculum.
what is truth.

studying
philosophy
allows us to
Recognizes
few standards,
better
understand
schools and their
customs
or tradition.
curricular.

Foundations of Curriculum:
Existentialism
Curriculum
Philosophical
Consists of experiences and
that
lend themselves to
issubjects
central to
curriculum.
philosophical dialogue and acts of
influenced
the
choice making: Literature, drama,
i. filmaking,
goals
art, etc.
content and
ii. Classroom
would be rich in
iii.materials.
organization of the curriculum.
Stresses
self-expressive
studying
philosophy
allowsactivities,
us to
experimentation,
methods
better
understand and
schools
andand
their
media.
curricular.
Focuses on learners feelings,
emotions, and insights.

Foundations of Curriculum:
Philosophical

is central to curriculum.
influenced the
i. goals
ii. content and
iii. organization of the curriculum.

studying philosophy allows us to

better understand schools and their
curricular.