Chapter 12 The Reformation

I. Early Reformers

Scripture Alone, Faith Alone, Grace Alone

A) John Wycliffe
Preacher, Scholar,
Teacher
Oxford University
Religious Reformer
(Purity of Doctrine)
Morning Star of the
Reformation

A) John Wycliffe

* Christ is the head of the Church *

Translated Bible from Latin to English - 1382

Lollards name for his followers

B) John Huss

Prague; urged Bohemians people to oppose

worldliness in the church
Council of Constance (Great Schism)
Accused of Heresy
No Confession Burned at the Stake

II. Martin Luther

Scared by a lightning bolt,
became a monk
Priest, and professor at
Wittenberg University
Thought works led to
salvation
Romans 1:17 The just shall
live by Faith

A) Justification by Faith

Sola Fide : Justification by Faith alone

A) Justification by Faith
Then I grasped that the justice of God is that
righteousness which through grace and sheer mercy
God justifies us through faith whereas before the
justice of God had filled me with hate, now it
became to me inexpressible sweet in greater love.

B) Leo X
Rebuild St. Peters Basilica in Rome
Indulgences started as temporary remission of Sin;
similar to substituting the sacraments
Luther thought this was exploitation Money for
Forgiveness? Forgiveness comes from God!

1) Indulgences

Many Indulgence Agents began to expand its

power on their authority
Johann Tetzel Indulgences could send dead
from Purgatory into Heaven

1) Indulgences
Many Indulgence Agents expanded its power on their
authority
Johann Tetzel Indulgences could send dead from
Purgatory into Heaven
As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, right then a soul
from purgatory springs

C) Luthers Problem?

Luther sees this as man taking Gods place to grant salvation

Faith by Grace; not by Works

Ephesians 2:8-9

1) Ninety-Five Theses
Oct. 31, 1517

95 topics - stir up debate

Symbol of defiance to corruption in church
Within weeks, printed copies circulated Europe
$$$ went Down

2) The Leipzig Debate

Luther vs. Johann Eck

Luther accused of being like John Huss
Luther says, Pope and Councils are capable of being
wrong only the Bible is the perfect authority of God

2) The Leipzig Debate

Widened gap between Luther Church

Luther we are all priests approach the throne Eph.
2:18 and 1Pet. 2:9

3) Luther in Trouble

Pope issued a Papal Bull against him 60 days to recant or

Excommunication
In front of everyone in Wittenberg, Luther tears up and
throws the Bull away excommunicated
Charles V German Emperor summons Luther to the
Diet of Worms; Promised Protection

4) Diet of Worms

Not given a chance to speak; 2 questions asked:

1. Are these your books here before us?
2. Will you recant of these heresies?
Asked for a day to think, then reply

5) Guilty

Luther leaves city immediately

Council declares him guilty
Emperor issues edict to have him Killed
Luther escapes

D) Continuation of Work

Luther translated the Bible from Greek to

German (used Erasmus translation)
Wrote Hymn: A mighty Fortress is our God

D) Continuation of Work

Called the battle hymn of the Reformation

Augsburg Confession Stated official beliefs of
Luther
Lutheran Church

III. Switzerland

A) Ulrich Zwingli
Bishop of Church in Zurich
Agreed with Luther on much; but not Lords Supper
Swiss Civil War Zwingli dies
His followers split to become Lutherans or Calvinists

B) Annabaptists
Reject Infant Birth
rebaptizers
Various groups, some
very extreme in beliefs
Separation of Church /
State
Pacifism No fighting
of any kind

C) John Calvin
2nd most famous Reformer
Fled Protestant Persecution in
France to Switzerland
The Institutes of Christian Religion
(26 yrs old)
Led Protestants in Geneva,
Switzerland
Safe Haven for Religious Refugees

IV) England

No Prominent Leader
Why?
1. Plenty of English Translations of the Bible
2. Political Involvement of English Rulers

A) Political Leaders with Religion

o
o

Tudor Family: Will lead England to break away from the

Catholic Church
National Pride; Resentment of Popes orders
Over time more and more would go to Protestantism

B) Henry VIII

King during Martin Luther

Pope names him: Defender of
the Faith

B) Henry VIII

Catherine of Aragon (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella

Wants to divorce wife (No boys)

B) Henry VIII
Pope denies Divorce
Henry VIII appoints Thomas
Cranmer new Archbishop of
Canterbury
Divorces
Parliament makes King:
Supreme Head of the Church
of England
King replaces Pope in England

C) Edward VI
Became King at 9
Influenced to
Protestantism from his
advisors
Forty-Two Articles
statement of faith
Rejects Transubstantiation

D) Mary I
Edward died at 16
Half Sister Mary succeeded
him
Daughter of Henry VIII and
Catherine
Devout Roman Catholic

D) Mary I

Repealed Pro Protestant Laws

Removed Protestant Clergy from Church
Thomas Cranmer recants

D) Mary I

And then is burned at the stake anyway

5 year reign; 300 Protestant Leaders killed Made
Catholicism Unpopular; earned nickname: Bloody Mary

E) Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I Half-Sister takes
over
45 year reign; one of the greatest
periods of English History
Never Married
Symbol of Stability and Strength

E) Elizabeth I
Elizabethan Settlement: Laid
foundation for Anglican Church
Rejected Popes authority over
Englands Church
Supreme Governor of the
Church
39 articles of faith
Did not alienate or persecute
Catholics

V. England vs. Spain

Charles V Holy Roman Emperor
Married Queen of Spain
His son Philip II became the King
of Spain

Super Powerful
Staunch Catholic; Persecuted
Protestants

A) Philip II

Maries Mary I (before kingship) Bloody Mary

Any offspring would have ruled both England and
Spain!
No children Elizabeth I takes crown
Philip seeks to woo Elizabeth

1. Deception!
Elizabeth I sees through his advances
Commissions sea captains (Sir Francis Drake) to attack
Spanish Gold Ships from the New World
Aids Dutch overthrow of Spanish Control
Philip II is furious at being rejected

B) War with Spain

Philip II plans to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and have

Scotlands ex-Queen, Mary Stuart take her throne away
Elizabeth finds out; has Mary Stuart jailed and then
executed
Philip plans his invasion of England
130 large galleons with a army on board

1. Spanish Armada

Thought to be invincible
Huge, Large, Ginormous Warships
Largest Fleet in the World
Before parting, received the Popes blessing

2.Sir Francis Drake

Englands smaller, lighter, faster ships outmaneuver Spains

Spanish Armada turns north to regroup
Hits a fierce storm
Over half the armada is sunk!

3. CHANGES THE WORLD

England remain Protestant

2. Spains decline as a world power
3. Made England strongest Sea Power
4. England able to colonize New World
1.

C) Divisions in Anglican Church

Some thought the Anglican Church to be too Catholic

Puritans: modify the church from within
Separatists: Wanted to leave the church
Catholics: Anglicans arent Catholics
Religious division would remain

VI. Scotland
John Knox Protestant Leader
Captured by French served as a galley slave for 19
months
When free went to England under Edward VI
Fled to Geneva when Mary I became Queen
Studied under John Calvin

VI. Scotland
Returned to Scotland
Founded Presbyterian Church
Flourished despite Catholic Mary Stuart
Implicated in plotting her husbands death
Then married suspected murderer
Forced to abdicate; England

VII. The Netherlands

Philip II ruled over Netherlands (Spains King)

Sent Spanish troops to persecute Protestants
Protestants fought under William the Silent

VII. Netherlands

Protestants aided by England

William murdered
Eventually Spain makes peace - Independence

VIII. France

Huguenots French Protestants

France was strongly Catholic

VIII. France

Catherine de Medici was mother of French King; ordered a

massacre of Huguenots in Paris
St. Bartholomews Day Massacre
20,000 Huguenots dead

VIII. France

Philip II (Spain) rejoiced at the news of the St.

Bartholomews Day Massacre
Increased tensions between Catholics /
Protestants in France Civil War

VIII. France

Guise Family Related to Charlemagne

Catholic
Bourbon Family Related to Louis IX

A) Henry of Navarre
Head of the Bourbon Family
Wins Civil War
Becomes King of a majority
Catholic Nation
Converts to Catholicism
Allowed Religious Freedom
to Huguenots
Edict of Nantes

Catholic Churchs attempt to

oppose the Reformation
Not a doctrinal change
Focus on morality within the
church
Attempts to eliminate
corruption

IX. The Counter

Reformation

Ignatius Loyola Founder

Extreme devotion to the
Catholic Church
Began with focus on Christian
Education and Suppression of
Heresy
Zealous missionaries with
evangelical focus
Were militant towards
Protestants in early years

A) Jesuits

B) Inquisition
Reorganized under Pope Paul III
Began with the assumption of
guilty until proven innocent
Asked accused to recant / repent
Tortured to receive a recant
Heretics burned at the stake

C) Index
Gutenberg Press made the cost
of books drop and the quantity
go up
Catholic Church began to worry
about the spread of Protestant
works / Bible Translations
Index of Prohibited Books

B) Council of Trent
Pope Paul III
Condemned Protestant
principles
Rejected Doctrines of
Justification by Faith alone
and sole authority of the
Bible
Separated Protestants and
Catholics

The End!