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Inmunizaciones en la regin
de las Amricas y el mundo.
Riesgos y desafos.
Gladys Ghisays Asesora de
Inmunizaciones OPS/OMS
Ecuador

Contenido
Estado actual de la
Introduccin de vacunas en
el mundo
Coberturas y riesgos
Vigilancia de EPV
Impacto de las vacunas
Desafos presentes y futuros

Introduccin mundial de vacuna contra Hib a 2016

Introduced* to date
* Includes partial introduction

(191 countries or 99%)

Not Available, Not Introduced/No Plans


(3 countries or 1%)
Not applicable

Data source: WHO/IVB Database, as of 05 September 2016


Map production Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB),
World Health Organization

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border
lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. WHO 2016. All rights reserved.

Introduccin mundial de vacuna contra Neumococo conjugada


peditrica a 2016

Introduced* to date
Planned introductions in 2016
* Includes partial introduction

(132 countries or 68%)


(6 countries or 3.1%)

Not Available, Not Introduced/No Plans


(56 countries or 28.9%)
Not applicable

Data source: WHO/IVB Database, as of 05 September 2016


Map production Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB),
World Health Organization

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border
lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. WHO 2016. All rights reserved.

Introduccin mundial de vacuna contra Rotavirus a 2016

Introduced* to date
Planned introductions in 2016
* Includes partial introduction

(86 countries or 44.3%)


(6 countries or 3.1%)

Not Available, Not Introduced/No Plans


(102 countries or 52.6%)
Not applicable

Data source: WHO/IVB Database, as of 05 September 2016


Map production Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB),
World Health Organization

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border
lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. WHO 2016. All rights reserved.

Introduccin mundial de vacuna contra VPH a 2016

* Includes partial introduction

Introduced* to date

(67 countries or 34.5%)

Not Available,
Not Introduced/No Plans

(127 countries or 65.5%)

Not applicable

Data source: WHO/IVB Database, as of 05 September 2016


Map production Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB),
World Health Organization

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border
lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. WHO 2016. All rights reserved.

Introduccin mundial de segunda dosis de vacuna contra


Sarampin y Rubola a 2016

Introduced to date
Planned introductions in 2016

(161 countries or 83%)


(2 countries or 1%)

Not Available, Not Introduced/No Plans


(31 countries or 16%)
Not applicable

Data source: WHO/IVB Database, as of 05 September 2016


Map production Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB),
World Health Organization

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border
lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. WHO 2016. All rights reserved.

Introduccin mundial de vacuna contra Rubola a 2016

Introduced to date
Planned introductions in 2016

(149 countries or 76.8%)


(9 countries or 4.6%)

Not Available, Not Introduced/No Plans


(36 countries or 18.6%)
Not applicable

Data source: WHO/IVB Database, as of 05 September 2016


Map production Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB),
World Health Organization

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border
lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. WHO 2016. All rights reserved.

Introduccin mundial de la dosis de vacuna contra Hepatitis B


en el Recin Nacido (primeras 24 Horas) a 2016

0 8501,700

3,400 Kilometers

Data source: WHO/IVB Database as at 05 September 2016


and ECDC published data at
http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Pages/Scheduler.asp
x
194 WHO Member States
Map production Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB),

HepB-BD introduced to date

(97 countries or 49%)

HepB-BD only for infants born to HBsAG-positive mothers

(22 countries or 11%)


(71 countries or 37%)

HepB in schedule but no HepB-BD


HepB given only for risk groups or adolescents
Not available
Not applicable

(4 countries or 2%)

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border
lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. WHO 2016. All rights reserved.

Introduccin mundial de vacuna contra Influenza a 2016

Introduced to date

(111 countries or 53%)

Introduced in parts of the country (1 country or 1%)


Not Available, Not Introduced/No Plans
(89 countries or 46%)
Not applicable
Data source: WHO/IVB Database, as of 05 September 2016
Map production Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB),
World Health Organization

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border
lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. WHO 2016. All rights reserved.

Cobertura de vacunacin en nios < de un ao y un


ao
Amrica Latina y Caribe, 2010-2015*
Cobertura (%)

100
80
60
40
20
0

DPT3

Polio3

MMR1

BCG

Vacunas
2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Fuente: Informes de los pases en el formulario conjunto para la notificacin de la OPS-OMS/UNICEF


(JRF).
* Datos provisionales

Inmunizacin

EPV: Control, Eliminacin o Erradicacin?

Enfermedades
eliminadas
o en eliminacin

Difteria,
tosferina, TN,
rotavirus,
neumonas y
meningitis,
Rubolay
varicela, SRC
TB, FA,
TNN
Parotiditis, VPH
Sarampin, HB

En erradicacin o
erradicadas

Poliomielitis
Viruela

Dengue?
malaria?

Enfermedades en
Control

Nuevas
vacunas

Proporcin de municipios con niveles de


cobertura Penta3 en <1 ao. Amrica
Latina y Caribe, 2015

Coverage ranges
95%
80-94%
<80%

Source: Country reports through the PAHO-WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form


(JRF), 2015.

Coberturas de vacunacin en menores de 1 ao segn biolgico


Ecuador, 2010-2015
130
122
120 117
110

117

110

109
109

109
105
105
102

102

116
Cambio en el denominador de acue rdo a censo INEC 2010 y Reforma
114
114
del MSP que elimina el Programa y lo convie rte en Estrate gia
109

100
90

90

83

88 87 87

80

89
79

81

84 83 84

88
75

78

81

69

70
60
50
40
30
20

24
17

16

10
0

2010

2011
BCG

Hepatitis B

2012
Rotavirus2

2013
Neumococo2

2014
Pentavalente3

OPV3

2015

84
78

Coberturas de vacunacin en poblacin de 1 ao de edad segn biolgico, Ecuador, 2010-2015


120
111
110 Brote de

Sarampin
100

96

Cambio en el denominador de acuerdo a censo INEC 2010 y Reforma


del MSP que elimina el Programa y lo convierte en Estrategia

101

97

94

93
89

90

89

88

80 81

80

74

70 71

70

76

86 87
79 78

73

84
78

78 78
70

59

60

76

72

59

50
40
30
20

16

10
0

2010

2011

2012

2013

SRP Fiebre Amarilla Varicela DPT OPV

2014

2015

Acumulacin del riesgo segn nivel de coberturas por cantones y


nios
2013

2014

2015

Casos de sarampin a partir de un caso importado


Las Amricas*, 2013**

Mxico

* Asociados a hotel en Quintana Roo, Mxico, 2013.


** Datos hasta la semana epidemiolgica 11/2013.
Fuente: Informe de los pases a OPS/OMS.

Gales, Reino Unido, 2 casos (hermanas). Viajaron a Mxico


(hotel) 2-16 de Feb; fecha de inicio de erupcin, 5 de Feb;
genotipo D8.
New Brunswick, Canad, 2 casos (familia). Viajaron a
Mxico (hotel) 5-12 de Feb; fecha de inicio de erupcin, 19
de Feb; genotipo D8.
Ontario, Canad, 1 caso. Viaj a Mxico (hotel) 9-16 de Feb;
fecha de inicio de erupcin, 1 de Mar; genotipo D8.
Florida, EUA, 1 caso. Viaj a Mxico (hotel) 4-11 de Feb;
fecha de inicio de erupcin, 20 de Feb.

Estimacin de los gastos de contener los


brotes de sarampin en pases seleccionados
Pas

# de
casos

Alcance de las
actividades de control
de los brotes

Costo
(USD)*

Chile
(2009)

Limitado a 1
municipio

12,400

Per
(2009)

1 municipio en Per y
1 en Ecuador

20,300

Toda la nacin

8.5 milln

Provincia (Quebec)

9.5 milln

Ecuador
(2011-12)

328

Canad
(2011)

686

*Los costos estimados incluyen investigacin de los brotes, el seguimiento de los contactos y las
actividades de vacunacin. Fuente: Informes de los pases al OPS

Cambio de vacuna OPV y paso hacia IPV

2019-2020
2016

Retirada
A finales de 2015

Cambio

de bOPV

tOPV a bOPV

Introduccin
al menos una dosis de la vacuna
IPV en el esquema rutinario.

FORTALECIMIENTO continuo de los servicios de


inmunizacin

27

A qu nos enfrentamos ahora?

La inmunidad
poblacional,
especialmente
la intestinal
disminuir

Como
consecuen
cia
de la
retirada
de la
OPV2:

La
diseminacin
secundaria de
los virus
relacionados
con OPV2 se
reducir

Riesgo de brote
epidmico en
caso de
exposicin a un
PV2 aumentar.

Amenazas de brote post retiro de


OPV2
Riesgo relativamente elevado, pero de duracin limitada,
de aparicin de cVDPV,
Riesgo inferior a largo plazo, de reintroduccin de
poliovirus a partir de un laboratorio o centro de
produccin de vacunas, y
Una pequea amenaza potencial, planteada por la
infeccin prolongada, debida a poliovirus en personas
con inmunodeficiencia (iVDPV).
Por ello, la deteccin de cualquier PV2; salvaje,
derivado de la vacuna o Sabin, se considerar una
emergencia de salud pblica mundial que requiere
accin rpida y coordinada de alta calidad .

Casos de Tos Ferina por ao y


cobertura con DPT3, las Amricas,
1978 - 2012
Miles
140

100
80

100
Casos

80

Cobertura

70
60
50

60

40

40

30
20

20

10

Ao

Cobertura

90

120

Casos

Nmero de dosis de pertussis en los


esquemas de vacunacin mundial

3 doses (64 countries or 33%)


4 doses (49 countries or 27%)
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this
map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part
of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any
country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps
represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full
agreement.
WHO 2013. All rights reserved

5 or more doses (77 countries or 40%) 0


Not available
Not applicable

875 1,750

3,500 Kilometers

* In EUR, data available for 52


countries as Monaco is not
reporting to WHO for many years

Data Source: Joint Reporting Form, Data for 2012 as at 27 th May 2013
Map production: Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals, (IVB), World Health Organization

Aumento del riesgo de Tosferina, Difteria y Ttanos

Date of slide: 14 June 2013

Cobertura de vacunacin con DT en poblacin de 5 aos


Ecuador, 2010-2015
120

111

100
89
81

80

83

81
66

60
40
20
0

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

Aumento del riesgo de Difteria y ttanos

2015

Fiebre Amarilla
Areas enzoticas y casos reportados

Clasificacin
de Riesgo
(Por debajo
de 2300
metros)

Hasta 2007:
BOL,
BRA, COL,
ECU,
F.GUIANA,
GUY, PAN, PER,
SUR, TRT y
VEN
2008:
Expansin
rea PAR y
norte de ARG

Recomendaciones del TAG para la vacunacin


contra FA en pases con reas enzoticas
reas
Nivel Nacional

Rutina
Vacuna en el esquema regular
a los 12 meses de edad,
simultneamente con SRP

reas enzoticas, reas vecinas


y reas donde se originan
movimientos migratorios.

Campaas preventivas en
periodos inter- epidmicos
Vacunacin en etapas o fases
Campaas de corta duracin
Campaas en respuesta a
brotes

(No revacunacin)

reas no-enzoticas

Campaas de
Vacunacin

Vacunacin de viajeros
Vigilancia epidemiolgica y
adecuada respuesta a
brotes
Stock de vacunas a nivel
nac.

Si un brote es detectado en
una nueva rea, aplican las
mismas recomendaciones de
las reas enzoticas

Coberturas de vacunacin con VPH segn edad


Ecuador, 2014-2015
80
70

67

64

64

60
50
40

37

30
20
10
0

9 aos

10 aos0
2014

2015

11 aos0

Impacto de introduccin PCV


en pases de altos ingresos
La introduccin de las vacunas antineumoccicas
conjugadas est cambiando el perfil epidemiolgico de la
enfermedad

Se observa una importante reduccin en la ENI y


neumona tambin en los grupos no vacunados en pases
que introdujeron la vacuna PCV en la rutina, demostrando
que PCV-7 proporciona inmunidad de rebao

Evidencia del Impacto de la


vacuna Rota Virus

Nuevos desafos
1. Certificar la eliminacin del sarampin en la
Regin;
2. Factibilidad de la eliminacin de la Hepatitis B
perinatal en las Amricas
3. Alcanzar coberturas homogneas iguales o
superiores a 95% en todos los municipios de los
pases de la Regin.
4. Uso del Registro Nominal Informatizado (RNI) de
vacunacin en todos los pases.
5. Finalizar exitosamente la erradicacin mundial de
la poliomielitis
6. Fortalecer las capacidades de los pases de la
Regin en estudios de evaluacin de costo

Hepatitis B en las Amricas


Ms de 2 mil millones de personas infectadas por el VHB, de estos,
240 millones con infeccin crnica la mayora relacionadas con sus
complicaciones: cirrosis y Carcinoma Hepatocelular (CHC).
(OMS);
El riesgo de la IC se relaciona inversamente con la edad a la
infeccin. La IC se presenta en hasta 90% de lactantes infectados
durante el perodo perinatal.
Dos terceras partes de defunciones relacionadas con VHB son
resultado de la infeccin contrada en el perodo perinatal y
de primera infancia
La eliminacin de la transmisin materno infantil de la
infeccin por VHB, se considera un hito en el camino hacia la
eliminacin de la hepatitis B:
La eliminacin de la transmisin maternoinfantil de la hepatitis B
es factible con una cobertura de vacunacin => 95% con la
primera dosis de HB en las 24 horas del nacimiento y con tres

Erradicacin de la Viruela
OMS Ginebra Suiza

Gracias

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