Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Alimentary canal
The human digestive system consists of the
MOUTH
ESOPHAGUS
STOMACH
Digests the food mechanically and chemically.
Begins chemical breakdown of proteins by protease
enzyme called-pepsin.
The stomach walls secrete gastric juice which contains:
Mucus
Pepsin
Hydrochloric acid:
Kills microbes entering with food.
Changes inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin and provides
LIVER
Produces BILE. Bile contains:
1. Water
2. Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Bile emulsify fats and give them a much larger
surface area.
Bile doesnt have any digestive enzymes therefore bile
doesnt digest the fats.
GALL BLADDER
Stores, concentrates, and releases bile
PANCREAS
Produces pancreatic juice which contains:
Amylase
Trypsin
Lipase
Hydrogen carbonates
DUODENUM
Initial region of small intestine.
Receives bile from liver and pancreatic
nutrients occur.
Absorption may occur either by diffusion or active
transport.
1.Amino acids, sugars and salts are taken up by
active transport into the blood capillaries.
They are then carried by capillaries which join up to form veins.
LARGE INTESTINE
Absorbs water, electrolytes, and vitamins
produced by bacteria.
Propels faeces toward rectum which
contains:
Cellulose
Lignin
Bile pigments
Bacteria
Intestinal cells
RECTUM
The faeces is stored and compacted in
STRUCTURE OF A TOOTH
to the teeth.
Germs/bacteria grow on the teeth and help in the
formation of plaques.
Plaque is the sticky deposits that collect, in
particular, around the gum line.
If plaque collects over time it will harden into
tartar.
The bacteria in plaque uses the food and drink that
we eat (especially sugars) to make acid. Some
foods, like fizzy drinks and lollies are already acidic.
PLAQUE
PREVETION OF TOOTHDECAY
Eat less sweets.
Avoid eating starchy and sweet foods before
sleeping in particular.
Brush teeth regularly before and after eating
and also before and after sleep (morning &
night).
Use dental floss
use tooth paste which:
1. contains flouride
2. contains bactericide
3. Is alkaline
MECHANICAL DIGESTION
chewing/mastication done by teeth
tongue movements that help mix food with
saliva.
mechanical churning of food in the stomach.
contraction of muscles in small intestines.
emulsification of fats by Bile
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
Amylase
Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase
Proteases
Lipase
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
ABSORPTION
Adaptations:
It is very long
Its walls are folded .
The folds also have numerous tiny finger-like projections
called villi.
The epithelial cells have micro villi .
These collectively form a brush border.
Has a rich blood supply
CHOLERA
Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae.
Symptoms are diarrhea, vomiting.
Transmitted through water and by flies it is
transmitted to food.
Bacteria binds to intestinal cells and grows.
Produces toxins.
HOW IT HAPPENS?
Toxins stimulates epithelial cells of intestine to
ORAL REHYDRATION
THERAPY-(ORT)
Is a simple treatment where water mixed
with water and salts is given to patients.
This will replace the waer and salts lost by
diarrhoea.