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Chapter 2

RISK MANAGEMENT & ASSESSMENT

Presented by
Dr. Musli Mohammad

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Sub topics
RISK MANAGEMENT AND ASSESSMENT
2.1
Introduction to Risk Management
2.2
Risk Assessment Techniques
2.3
HIRARC

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

2.1

Introduction to Risk
Management

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

What is risk?

OHSAS 18001:1999

It is a combination of the likelihood and


consequence of a specified hazardous event
occurring.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Definition of the Risk


Risk means a combination of the
likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous
event with
specified period or in specified
circumstances and
the severity of injury or damage to
the health of people, property, environment or
any combination of these caused by the
event.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Individual Perceptions
Risk is a very individual concept.
It is different for every one.
Consider the activity of driving.
On a scale of 1-5 how would you rate driving as a daily activity?
For a Grand Prix Driver?
A Taxi Driver?
My 88 year old grandmother?

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk
Risk is often viewed very differently from individual to individual.
Another thing to consider is that peoples perceptions change as
familiarity increases the perception of a hazard and its risks change.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk = Likelihood x Severity


Risk is the combination of the likelihood and severity of a specified
hazardous event occurring. In mathematical term, risk can be
calculated by the equation

Risk = Likelihood x Severity


Where,

Likelihood is an event likely to occur within the specific period or


in specified circumstances and,
Severity is outcome from an event such as severity of injury or
health of people, or damage to property, or insult to environment,
or any combination of those caused by the event

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Assessment
Risk assessment means the process
of evaluating the risks to safety and
health arising from hazards at work.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Assessment

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hazard Identification

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Management
Risk management means the total
procedure associated with

identifying a hazard,
assessing the risk,
putting in place control measures, and
reviewing the outcomes.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hazard Definition
It is a source or situation with a potential for
harm in terms of injury or ill health, damage to
property, damage to the workplace
environment, or a combinationOHSAS
of both.
18001:1999
How can a person be a
walking hazardous
condition?

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hazard Control
Hazard control means the process of
implementing measures to reduce the risk
associated with a hazard.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control
Hierarchy of control means the
established priority order for the types of
measures to be used to control risks.
Hazard identification means the
identification of undesired events that
lead to the materialization of the hazard
and the mechanism by which those
undesired events could occur.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hazard Identification
Hazard identification means the
identification of undesired events that
lead to the materialization of the hazard
and the mechanism by which those
undesired events could occur.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hazard Identification

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

2.2

Risk Assessment
Techniques

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Assessment
Techniques
The most fundamental risk assessment
activity, called an informal risk
assessment, occurs when workers are
asked to think about the hazards in the
workplace
before work commences,
determine what could go wrong, and
report or fix the hazards.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Assessment
Techniques
More formal risk management activities
require structured procedures, often
focusing on work processes that involve
multiple levels of an organization.
These activities are practiced at some
industries and are typically organized by an
operations safety official and developed
with the help of individuals familiar with the
work practice in question.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Informal Risk Assessment


Techniques
Most informal risk assessment techniques
consist of multiple steps where the worker
is asked to look for hazards, determine the
significance of the hazard, and take some
action to mitigate the risk.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Informal Risk Assessment


Techniques
Many systems have been proposed and are widely used in
industries. Examples include, but are not limited to:
Stop-Look-Analyze-Manage (SLAM) asks workers to
stop and consider the work process before it is started,
examine the work environment, analyze the work process,
and manage the risk.
Take-Two for Safety calls for persons to take 2 minutes
to think through a job before it starts
Five-Point Safety System compels employees to take
responsibility for the safety within workplace
Take Time, Take Charge requires miners to stop, think,
assess and respond to hazards in their workplace.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Basic-formal risk assessment


techniques
Basic-formal risk assessment techniques
are characterized by the requirement to
follow a structured process that occurs prior
to performing specific higher risk work
activities.
These techniques also require
documentation that allows management to
monitor and audit individual risk
assessment activities.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Basic-formal risk assessment


techniques
The most commonly used basic-formal risk assessment
technique is the Job Safety Analysis (JSA).
A JSA typically leads to development of Standard
Operating Procedures (SOP) that define how to best
approach a task considering the hazards identified in
the JSA.
A JSA is a technique used to identify, analyze and
record the specific steps involved in performing a work
activity that could have hazards associated with it.
JSAs are typically performed on work processes with
the highest risk for a workplace injury or illness.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Basic-formal risk assessment


techniques
Other techniques similar to JSAs include Job Hazard
Analysis (JHA), Critical Task Analysis (CTA), and Job
Hazard Breakdown (JHB).
An SOP is a set of instructions that act as a directive,
covering those features of operations that lend
themselves to a standardized procedure.
An SOP is typically a set of instructions or steps a worker
follows to complete a job safely and in a way that
maximizes operational and production requirements.
SOPs can be written for work processes by the individual
or group performing the activity, by someone with
expertise in the work process, or by the person who
supervises the work process.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Analysis Techniques and Tools


When conducting an Major Hazards Risk
Assessment (MHRA) several risk analysis
techniques and tools may be needed. A brief
description of the most common tools follows.
1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control
(WRAC)
2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)
4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)
5. Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
6. Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control


(WRAC)
The Workplace Risk Assessment and Control
(WRAC) tool is a broad-brush risk ranking approach,
allowing the user to focus on the highest risk.
As applied to a MHRA, this structured preliminary
analysis begins by breaking down the process
associated with the potential major hazards in
some logical manner.
This is often accomplished using a flow chart or
process mapping technique where the potential
major hazards of each step in a work process are
identified.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control


(WRAC)

For example, in the mining process could


be a breakdown of a major project or a
geographical breakdown of the
underground mine.
JSAs and SOPs can be used as a
framework for the WRAC analysis.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

An example of a WRAC risk ranking form


After preliminary analysis, the team then considers each
breakdown segment of the mining process and identifies the
potential unwanted events associated with the identified hazards
(Figure below).
The likelihood and
consequence of
each stage are
determined using
some variation of
a risk matrix,
followed by a risk
rating calculation.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)


The Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) is another
broad-brush risk ranking approach.
Like the WRAC, this tool identifies all potential
hazards and unwanted events that may lead to miner
injuries and ranks the identified events according to
their severity.
Its main purpose is to identify those unwanted events
that should be subjected to further, more detailed risk
analysis. Once the potential unwanted events are risk
ranked by the team, they can be prioritized so that
the highest risk unwanted event is listed first and so
on.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

he Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) Form

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)

Generally, an FMEA is used to determine


where failures can occur within hardware
and process systems and to assess the
impact of such failures.
For each item, the failure modes of
individual items are determined, effects on
other items and systems are recognized,
criticality is ranked, and the control is
identified

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)


Item-by-item risk assessment worksheet for
FMEA

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)

The Fault and Logic Tree Analysis are


systematic, logical developments of many
contributing factors to one unwanted event.
The FTA evaluates the one unwanted event
while the LTA evaluates a wanted outcome.
With both tools it is necessary to first clearly
define the top event, followed by an
analysis of the major potential contributing
factors. Each contributing factor is broken
down into discrete parts.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

5. Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

Hazard and Operability Studies or HAZOPs have


been used extensively in the chemical industries
to examine what impact deviations can have on
a process.
The basic assumption when performing a HAZOP
is that normal and standard conditions are safe
and hazards occur only when there is a deviation
from normal conditions.
A HAZOP can be conducted during any stage of a
project although it is most beneficial during the
later stages of design.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

5. Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

Process analysis form for a HAZOP


Typically a process or instrumentation diagram is used to trace the
properties of materials or products through a plant by breaking down
the process node by node

The properties can be flow, level, pressure, concentration or


temperature. What-if guidewords are used to identify possible
deviations. A HAZOP typically lacks a risk calculation.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

6. Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)


The Bow Tie Analysis (BTA) was developed by Shell Oil in
the 1980s as part of its Tripod package of concepts and
tools for managing occupational health and safety in its
business.
The Top Event in the BTA is a statement about the
initiating event that might lead to the major consequence
Threats (also referred to as potential causes) are discussed
and controls examined that could mitigate the hazard (left
side of the bow tie).
Next, the consequences (also referred to as the potential
outcomes) of the initiating unwanted event are identified
and recovery control measures examined to reduce or
minimize the loss (right side of the bow tie).

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

6. Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)


Bow Tie Analysis (BTA) method

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

2.3

HIRARC

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Introduction to HIRARC
In recent years, Hazard Identification,
Risk Assessment and Risk Control
(HIRARC) has become fundamental to the
practice of planning, management and the
operation of a business as a basic of risk
management.
The organizations that have carried out risk
assessment at the work place have noted
numerous changes in their working practice.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Introduction to HIRARC
Those who have already carried out risk assessment
in their work, have reported positive changes in their
working practice, they recognize substandard act
and working condition as they develop and take
necessary corrective action.
Legislation requires that this process should be
systematic and be recorded so that the results are
reliable and the analysis complete.
The risk assessment process should be continuous
and should not be regarded as a one-off exercise.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

What does HIRARC means?


Hazard Identification (HI) the identification
of undesired event that lead to the
materialization of the hazard and the mechanism
by which those undesired event could event
Risk Assessment (RA) The process of
evaluating the risk to safety and health arising
from hazards at work
Risk Control (RC) the methods used to reduce
the amount of inherent risk or to manage the risk

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Purpose of HIRARC
The purposes of HIRARC are as follows:1. To identify all the factors that may cause harm to
employees and others (the hazards);
2. To consider what the chances are of that harm actually
be falling anyone in the circumstances of a particular
case and the possible severity that could come from it
(the risks); and
3. To enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor
preventive measures to ensure that the risks are
adequately controlled at all times.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Planning of HIRARC Activities


HIRARC activities shall be plan and conducted
1. For situation
i. where hazard appear to pose significant
threat;
ii. uncertain whether existing controls are
adequate; or/and
iii. before implementing corrective or
preventive measures.
2. By organization intending to continuously
improve OSH Management System.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Process of HIRARC
HIRARC process that requires 4 simple steps
1. classify work activities;
2. identify hazard;
3. conduct risk assessment (analyze and
estimate risk from each hazard), by
calculating or estimating i. likelihood of occurrence, and
ii. severity of hazard;
4. decide if risk is tolerable and apply control
measures (if necessary).

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Flowchart of HIRARC Process

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 1 - Classify Work Activities


Classify work activities in accordance with
their similarity, such as i. geographical or physical areas
within/outside premises;
ii. stages in production/service process;
iii. not too big e.g. building a car;
iv. not too small e.g. fixing a nut; or
v. defined task e.g. loading, packing, mixing,
fixing the door.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


The purpose of hazard identification is to
highlight the critical operations of tasks, that is,
those tasks posing significant risks to the
health and safety of employees as well as
highlighting those hazards pertaining to certain
equipment due to energy sources, working
conditions or activities performed.
Hazards can be divided into FIVE (5) main
groups, physical hazards, chemical hazards,
ergonomic hazards, psychosocial hazards
and biological hazards.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


Physical hazardsare the most common and will
be present in most workplaces at one time or
another. They include unsafe conditions that can
cause injury, illness and death.
They are typically easiest to spot but, sadly, too
often overlooked because of familiarity (there are
always cords running across the aisles), lack of
knowledge (they aren't seen as hazards), resistance
to spending time or money to make necessary
improvements or simply delays in making changes
to remove the hazards (waiting until tomorrow or a
time when "we're not so busy").

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


Examples of physical hazards include:
electrical hazards: frayed cords, missing ground pins,
improper wiring
unguarded machinery and moving machinery parts: guards
removed or moving parts that a worker can accidentally touch
constant loud noise
high exposure to sunlight/ultraviolet rays, heat or cold
working from heights, including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or
any raised work area
working with mobile equipment such as fork lifts (operation of
fork lifts and similar mobile equipment in the workplace
requires significant additional training and experience)
spills on floors or tripping hazards, such as blocked aisle or
cords running across the floor.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


Chemical hazardsare present when a
worker is exposed to any chemical
preparation in the workplace in any form
(solid, liquid or gas). Some are safer than
others, but to some workers who are more
sensitive to chemicals, even common
solutions can cause illness, skin irritation
or breathing problems.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


Beware of:
liquids like cleaning products, paints, acids,
solvents especially chemicals in an
unlabelled container (warning sign!)
vapours and fumes, for instance those that
come from welding or exposure to solvents
gases like acetylene, propane, carbon
monoxide and helium
flammable materials like gasoline, solvents
and explosive chemicals.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


Ergonomic hazardsoccur when the type
of work, body position and working
conditions put strain on your body. They
are the hardest to spot since you don't
always immediately notice the strain on
your body or the harm these hazards pose.
Short-term exposure may result in "sore
muscles" the next day or in the days
following exposure, but long term exposure
can result in serious long-term injuries.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


Ergonomic hazards include:

poor lighting
improperly adjusted workstations and chairs
frequent lifting
poor posture
awkward movements, especially if they are
repetitive
repeating the same movements over and over
having to use too much force, especially if you
have to do it frequently.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


Psychosocial hazards include but arent
limited to stress, violence and other workplace
stressors.
Work is generally beneficial to mental health
and personal wellbeing. For example;

Alcohol in the workplace


Bullying in the workplace
Customer aggression
Driver fatigue
Remote or isolated work
Work-related mental stress

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


Biological hazardscome from working with animals,
people or infectious plant materials. Work in day care,
hospitals, hotel laundry and room cleaning, laboratories,
veterinary offices and nursing homes may expose you to
biological hazards.
The types of things you may be exposed to include:

blood or other body fluids


fungi
bacteria and viruses
plants
insect bites
animal and bird droppings.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


Biological hazardscome from working with animals,
people or infectious plant materials. Work in day care,
hospitals, hotel laundry and room cleaning, laboratories,
veterinary offices and nursing homes may expose you to
biological hazards.
The types of things you may be exposed to include:

blood or other body fluids


fungi
bacteria and viruses
plants
insect bites
animal and bird droppings.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


Hazard identification technique
The employer shall develop a hazard
identification and assessment methodology
taking into account the following documents
and information i. any hazardous occurrence investigation reports;
ii. first aid records and minor injury records;
iii. work place health protection programs;
iv. any results of work place inspections;
Continue

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 2 - Identify Hazard


v. any employee complaints and comments;
vi. any government or employer reports,
studies and
tests concerning the health and safety of
employees;
vii. any reports made under the
regulation of
Occupational Safety and
Health Act,1994
viii. the record of hazardous substances; and
ix. any other relevant information.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
Risk is the determination of likelihood
and severity of the credible
accident/event sequences in order to
determine magnitude and to priorities
identified hazards.
It can be done by
qualitative,
quantitative or
semi quantitative method.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
A qualitative analysis uses words to
describe the magnitude of potential
severity and the likelihood that those
severity will occur.
These scales can be adapted or adjusted to
suit the circumstances and different
descriptions may be used for different risks.
This method uses expert knowledge and
experience to determine likelihood and
severity category.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
In semi-quantitative analysis,
qualitative scales such as those described
above are given values. The objective is to
produce a more expanded ranking scale
than is usually achieved in qualitative
analysis, not to suggest realistic values
for risk such as is attempted in
quantitative analysis.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
Quantitative analysis uses numerical values (rather
than the descriptive scales used in qualitative and semiquantitative analysis) for both severity and likelihood
using data from a variety of sources such as past accident
experience and from scientific research.
Severity may be determined by modeling the outcomes of
an event or set of events, or by extrapolation from
experimental studies or past data.
The way in which severity and likelihood are expressed and
the ways in which they are combined to provide a level of
risk will vary according to the type of risk and the purpose
for which the risk assessment output is to be used. In this
note qualitative and semi quantitative method uses as an
example.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)

Likelihood of an occurrence
This value is based on the likelihood of an
event occurring.
You may ask the question How many
times has this event happened in the
past?
Assessing likelihood is based worker
experience, analysis or measurement.
Likelihood levels range from most likely to
inconceivable.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
Table below indicates likelihood using the
following values.

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT


MATRIK

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

KEBARANGKALIAN (LIKELIHOOD)
5 : KERAP

KEGAGALAN KERAP BERLAKU

4 : SELALU

KEGAGALAN SELALU BERLAKU

3 : PERNAH BERLAKU

PERNAH BERLAKU KEGAGALAN, TETAPI


TIDAK BESAR

2 : SEKALI-SEKALI

JARANG BERLAKU DI DALAM ORGANISASI


YANG SAMA/DALAM NEGARA

1 : JARANG

JARANG BERLAKU MUNGKIN DI NEGARA


LAIN

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT


MATRIK

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)

Severity of hazard
Severity can be divided into five categories.
Severity are based upon an increasing level of
severity to an individuals health, the
environment, or to property. Table below
indicates severity.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)

Severity of hazard

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT


MATRIK

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

KESAN AKIBAT (CONSEQUENCE)


5: BENCANA

KEMATIAN

4: BESAR

HILANG UPAYA KEKAL

3: SEDERHANA

KECEDERAAN SEDERHANA, > 4 HARI CUTI


SAKIT

2: KECIL

KECEDERAAN KECIL, HINGGA 4 HARI CUTI


SAKIT

1: SEDIKIT

FIRST AID

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT


MATRIK

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
Risk assessment
Risk can be presented in variety of ways to communicate
the results of analysis to make decision on risk control.
For risk analysis that uses likelihood and severity in
qualitative method, presenting result in a risk matrix is a
very effective way of communicating the distribution of
the risk throughout a plant and area in a workplace.
Risk can be calculated using the following formula:
L x S = Relative Risk
L = Likelihood
S = Severity

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
Risk Matrix (Likelihood vs. Severity)

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

MATRIK RISIKO

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

RPN : RISK PRIORITY


NUMBER,
1 (SANGAT RENDAH)
25 (SANGAT
TINGGI)

KEBARANGKALIAN

KESAN AKIBAT

1
JARANG

2
SEKALISEKALI

3
PERNAH
BERLAKU

4
SELALU

5
KERAP

1: SEDIKIT

2: KECIL

10

3: SEDERHANA

12

15

4: BESAR

12

16

20

5: BENCANA

10

15

20

25

Dapatkan RPN : Risk Priority Number berdasarkan kebarangkalian dan


kesan akibat

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT


MATRIK

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment


(Analyze and estimate risk)
Risk & Action Level

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Menetapkan RISIKO (berasaskan RPN)


RISIKO
SANGAT
TINGGI
(15-25)

TINDAKAN
BERITAHU PIHAK PENGURUSAN SEGERA
HAPUSKAN : TIDAK BOLEH
DIBIARKAN;
PERLU
KAWALAN SEGERA DAN JANGKA PANJANG YANG
LEBIH BERKESAN

TINGGI
(8-14)

BERITAHU KETUA JABATAN. PERLU KAWALAN


SEGERA DAN JANGKA PANJANG YANG LEBIH
BERKESAN

SEDERHANA
(4-7)

BERITAHU HAZARDS KEPADA PEKERJA;


TOOL BOX MEETING; SAFE BEHAVIOUR; JSA
KAWALANN JANGKA PANJANG BERKESAN

RENDAH
(1-3)

RISIKO BOLEH DITERIMA; UMUMNYA TIDAK PERLU


TINDAKAN; KEKALKAN KAWALAN SEDIA ADA

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT


MATRIK

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply


control measures (Risk Control).
Risk control is the elimination or
inactivation of a hazard in a manner such
that the hazard does not pose a risk to
workers who have to enter into an area or
work on equipment in the course of
scheduled work.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Control

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Assessment

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hazard Identification

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply


control measures (Risk Control).
Hazards should be controlled at their
source (where the problem is created). The
closer a control to the source of the hazard
is the better. This method is often referred
to as applying engineering controls.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply


control measures (Risk Control).
If this does not work, hazards can often be
controlled along the path to the worker,
between the source and the worker. This
method can be referred to as applying
administrative controls.
If this is not possible, hazards must be
controlled at the level of the worker through
the use of personal protective equipment
(PPE), although this is the least desirable
control.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply


control measures (Risk Control).
If this does not work, hazards can often be
controlled along the path to the worker,
between the source and the worker. This
method can be referred to as applying
administrative controls.
If this is not possible, hazards must be
controlled at the level of the worker through
the use of personal protective equipment
(PPE), although this is the least desirable
control.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Selecting a suitable control


Selecting a control often involves
a. evaluating and selecting short and long term controls;
b. implementing short-term measures to protect workers
until
permanent controls can be put in place; and
c.
implementing long term controls when reasonably
practicable.
For example, suppose a noise hazard is identified.
Short-term controls might require workers to use
hearing protection.
Long term, permanent controls might remove or isolate
the noise source.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Elimination
Substitution
Isolation
Engineering Controls
Administrative Controls
Provide Personal Protective Equipment

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control
(1) Elimination - Getting rid of a hazardous job,
tool, process, machine or substance is perhaps
the best way of protecting workers. For example,
a salvage firm might decide to stop buying and
cutting up scrapped bulk fuel tanks due to
explosion hazards.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control
(2) Substitution - Sometimes doing the same
work in a less hazardous way is possible. For
example, a hazardous chemical can be
replaced with a less hazardous one. Controls
must protect workers from any new hazards that
are created.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control
(3) Isolation - If a hazard cannot be eliminated
or replaced, it can some times be isolated,
contained or otherwise kept away from workers.
For example, an insulated and air-conditioned
control room can protect operators from a toxic
chemical.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control
(4) Engineering control
Redesign- Jobs and processes can be reworked
to make them safer. For example, containers can
be made easier to hold and lift.
Automation - Dangerous processes can be
automated or mechanized. For example,
computer-controlled robots can handle spot
welding operations in car plants. Care must be
taken to protect workers from robotic hazards.
Continue..

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control
(4) Engineering control
Barriers - A hazard can be blocked before it reaches
workers. For example, special curtains can prevent eye
injuries from welding arc radiation. Proper equipment
guarding will protect workers from contacting moving
parts.
Absorption - Baffles can block or absorb noise. Lockout
systems can isolate energy sources during repair and
maintenance. Usually, the further a control keeps a
hazard away from workers, the more effective it is.
Dilution - Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated.
For example, ventilation systems can dilute toxic gasses
before they reach operators.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control
(5) Administrative controls
Safe work procedures - Workers can be required to use
standardized safety practices. The employer is expected to
ensure that workers follow these practices. Work procedures
must be periodically reviewed with workers and updated.
Supervision and training Initial training on safe work
procedures and refresher training should be offered.
Appropriate supervision to assist workers in identifying possible
hazards and evaluating work procedures.
Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the time
that workers are exposed to a hazard. For example, workers can
be rotated through jobs requiring repetitive tendon and muscle
movements to prevent cumulative trauma injuries. Noisy
processes can be scheduled when no one is in the workplace.
Continue..

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control
(5) Administrative controls
Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs Housekeeping includes cleaning, waste disposal and spill
cleanup. Tools, equipment and machinery are less likely to
cause injury if they are kept clean and well maintained.
Hygiene - Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic
materials being absorbed by workers or carried home to
their families. Street clothing should be kept in separate
lockers to avoid being contaminated by work clothing.
Eating areas must be segregated from toxic hazards.
Eating should be forbidden in toxic work areas. Where
applicable, workers should be required to shower and
change clothes at the end of the shift.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control
(6) Personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is
used when other controls measures are not feasible
and where additional protection is needed. Workers
must be trained to use and maintain equipment
properly. The employer and workers must understand
the limitations of the personal protective
equipment. The employer is expected to require
workers to use their equipment whenever it is
needed. Care must be taken to ensure that
equipment is working properly. Otherwise, PPE may
endanger a workers health by providing an illusion of
protection.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Hierarchy of Control
(6) Personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is
used when other controls measures are not feasible
and where additional protection is needed. Workers
must be trained to use and maintain equipment
properly. The employer and workers must understand
the limitations of the personal protective
equipment. The employer is expected to require
workers to use their equipment whenever it is
needed. Care must be taken to ensure that
equipment is working properly. Otherwise, PPE may
endanger a workers health by providing an illusion of
protection.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Principle of Control

Substitution
Modify process
Enclosure
Local exhaust
Fugitive
emission control
Isolation

Housekeeping
General
ventilation
Continuous area
monitoring
Dilution
ventilation
Automation or
remote control

Training and
education
Worker rotation
Enclosure of
worker
Personal
monitoring
Personal
protective devices

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

PENGAWALAN RISIKO
Semua risiko
perlu di
kurangkan

RISIKO
SangatTinggi

TIDAK BOLEH
DITERIMA

Tinggi

As
Low

As
Reasonably
Practicable.

Sederha
na
Renda
h

KURANGKAN
SERENDAH
YANG MUNGKIN

BOLEH
DITERIMA

HIRARKI
HIRARKI LANGKAH
LANGKAH KAWALAN
KAWALAN
1. Hapuskan hazard

BDD
31302
Occupational
Safety
& Health
Contohnya,
menukar
peralatan
yang bising,
elakkan
menggunakan bahan atau mesin berbahaya,

Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian

2. Tukar sesuatu kepada


yang kurang berisiko

Contohnya mengangkat beban yang lebih ringan,


gunakan bahan kimia kurang berbahaya, menukar dari
forklift petrol kepada elektrik, gunakan penyedut
hampagas dari penyapu

Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian

3. Asingkan hazard

Contohnya mengadakan penghadang sekeliling


tumpahan sehingga dicuci, meletakkan mesin fotostat di
bilik berpengundaraan

Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian

4. Guna kawalan
kejuruteraan

Contohnya menggunakan troli untuk bawa beban berat,


memasang pengadang bahagian jentera berputar

Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian

5. Guna kawalan
pentadbiran

Contohnya mengadakan pusingan kerja, tugasan pendek,


pastikan peralatan diselanggara, amalan kerja selamat,
arahan dan latihan.

Sekiranya tidak praktikal, akhirnya

6.Guna peralatan
perlindungan diri

Contohnya mengadakan perlindungan bising dan mata,


helmet keselamatan, sarung tangan

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Monitoring controls
The effectiveness of controls must be checked
regularly. Evaluate and monitor hazard controls during
inspections, routine maintenance, and other activities. Ask
the following questions
a. have the controls solved the problem?
b. is any risk to workers posed by the controls
contained?
c. are all new hazards being identified?
d. are significant, new hazards appropriately controlled?
e. are accident reports being analyzed?
f. are any other measures required?

Document control activities to track their effectiveness, if


necessary re-evaluate hazards and implement new control
measures.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

MONITORING AND REVIEW


KEY POINT
A review follow-up is always essential.
Review is an important aspect of any risk
management process.
It is essential to review what has been done
to ensure that the controls put in place are
effective

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

CONCLUSION
Hazard identification, risk assessment, control and
review
is not a task that is completed and then forgotten
about.
Hazard identification should be properly documented
even
in the simplest of situations
Risk assessment should include a careful assessment
of both likelihood and severity/consequence.
Control measures should conform to the

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Contoh 1
(Hirarc)
Hazard Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Control

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Kerja formwork- acuan (satu contoh)


Aktiviti terlibat:
1. Mengangkat
2. Menyimpan Sementara
3. Membersih
4. Memasang
5. Memeriksa
6. Menyimen
7. Membuka

Kerja formworkacuan (satu contoh)


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

K: Kebarangkalian
KA: Kesan Akibat
R: Risiko

Kerja formworkacuan (satu contoh)


BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Contoh 2 (Hirarc)
Wood panel cutting process
A team of two workers operates a cross-cut saw machine.
Their work includes loading wood panel onto the machine,
cutting the wood and unloading the cut wood. They also
need to repair and maintain the machine regularly as well
as to change the blades of the machine.
(Caution: This example may not be applicable to similar
work in your workplace).

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

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