ANTENNAS

ENGR. PHIL U. LOMBOY

ANTENNA
A structure that is generally a metallic
object, often a wire or group of wires,
used to convert high frequency signals
into electromagnetic waves and vice
versa.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

ANTENNA
A device whose function is to
radiate electromagnetic energy
and/or intercept
electromagnetic radiation

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

Basic
Consideratio
n:

Maximum
Power
Transfer
Phil Lomboy po,
58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

FIELDS OF
AN
ANTENNA

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

INDUCTION FIELD
Considered to extend
out from the antenna
to a distance of D
2/8
Near Field or Fresnel
Region

TRANSITION
ZONE
Zone between
the two(2)
regions

RADIATION
FIELD
Considered to
extend out from a
distance of 2D2/
Far Field or
Fraunhoffer Region

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

BASIC
FORMULAS
T = 1/f

Where: T time
F - frequency

= c/f
Where:
wavelength
F frequency
C velocity in free
space

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

CHARACTERISTICS OF
ANTENNAS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

RADIATION
PATTERN
A line drawn to join points
in space which have equal
field intensity due to the
source.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

Major Lobe the

direction of maximum
radiation
Minor Lobe the
direction of minimum
radiation
Null the direction with
radiation intensity
equal to zero.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

FACTORS
WHICH
DETERMINE THE
RADIATION
PATTERN OF AN
ANTENNA

a. Antenna
height

b. Power
losses
c.
Terminations
at its end
d. Thickness of the
antenna wire

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

PRINCIPLE
OF
RECIPROCIT
Y
ISOTROPIC
ANTENNA

The characteristics of antennas,

such as impedance and
radiation pattern are identical,
regardless of use for reception or
transmission.
An antenna that radiates
uniformly in all directions in
space

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

DIRECTIVE GAIN

The ratio of the power density in

a particular direction of one
antenna to the power density
that would be radiated by an
isotropic antenna.
HERTZIAN DIPOLE:
HALF WAVE DIPOLE:
1.5 : 1 (1.76 dB)
1.64 : 1 (2.15 dB)

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

The longer the antenna, the

higher the directive gain

NOTES:

Non resonant antennas have

higher directive gain than
resonant antennas
The directive gain of all
practical antennas is greater
than unity

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

DIRECTIVITY, D
Maximum
directive gain

The gain in the

direction of one the major lobes in the antennas radiation pa
of

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

POWER
GAIN

Overall gain considering

losses and efficiency
Ap = %D
Where: % - antenna
efficiency
D - directivity

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

ANTENNA
RESISTANCE

1. RADIATION
RESISTANCE, Rr

The ratio of the

applied voltage
to the flowing
current

AC resistance
The ratio of the
power radiated by
the antenna to the
square of the
current at the
feedpoint.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

2. LOSS RESISTANCE,
Rd
Antenna and
Losses in
ground
imperfect
resistance
dielectric very
Discharge or
near the
Eddy current
corona effects
antenna
loss

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

ANTENNA
EFFICIENCY
% = Rr / Rr + Rd
The ratio of the power radiated by the
antenna to the power delivered at the
feedpoint
The ratio of radiation resistance to the
total system resistance

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

An antenna has a radiation resistance of 72 ohms, a

loss resistance of 8 ohms, and a power gain of 16.
What efficiency and directivity does it have.
a. 90% and 17.78
b. 10% and 17.78
c. 90% and 14.4
d. 10% and 14.4

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

To produce a power density of 1 mw/m2 in a given

direction, at a distance of 2 km, an antenna radiates
a total of 180 w. An isotropic antenna would have to
radiate 2400 w to produce the same power density at
that distance. What, in dB, is the directive gain of the
practical antenna?
a. 11.25 dB
b. 13.21 dB
c. 10 dB
d. 6 dB

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

EFFECTIVE RADIATED
POWER (ERP)

EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC
RADIATED POWER (EIRP)

The product of the power

fed to an antenna and its
power gain.
ERP = Total Radiated
Power x Power Gain

The power radiated by an

antenna in its favored
direction, taking the gain of
the antenna into account as
referenced to an isotropic
radiator

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

BANDWIDTH
The operating
frequency
range of an
antenna

FRONT TO BACK
RATIO
Ratio of the power
at the optimum
direction of the
antenna to that of
the power 180
degrees from the
optimum direction

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

BEAMWIDTH
The degree of
concentration of the
antennas radiation
Angular separation between two half power points in a
major lobe of an antenna radiation pattern

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

POLARIZATION
Space orientation of
the waves that the
antenna radiates
The electric field
vector is always
parallel to the
antenna elements.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

PHYSICAL
LENGTH

Actual length of the

antenna
L =/2;
= c/f
/2 is the shortest length
of a conductor which will
resonate at a given
frequency

ELECTRICAL LENGTH
Dependent upon the
velocity coefficient or
velocity factor
L=k
where k is the dielectric
constant

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

Ex. What is the wavelength of a 500 MHz signal?

a. 60 cm
b. 6 m
c. 0.06 m
d. 60 m

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

Ex. What is the electrical length of an antenna

operating at a frequency of 500 kHz?
a. 500 m
b. 570 m
c. 600 m
d. 630 m

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

GROUNDING SYSTEMS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

EFFECTS OF GROUND ON
ANTENNAS
Whereas an ungrounded
antenna with its image forms an
antenna array, the bottom of
the grounded antenna is joined
to the top of the image; the
system acts as an antenna of
double size.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

EFFECTS OF GROUND ON
ANTENNAS
Whereas an ungrounded antenna with
its image forms an antenna array, the
bottom of the grounded antenna is
joined to the top of the image; the
system acts as an antenna of double
size.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

GROUND
SCREEN
A network of buried wires directly
under the antenna, consisting of
a large number of radials
extending from the base of the
tower, like spokes on a wheel,
and placed 15 and 30 cm below
the ground.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

COUNTERPOIS
E
A substitute for ground screen
in areas of low conductivity,
i.e. rock, mountains and
antennas on top of buildings

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

ANTENNA HEIGHT

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

ANTENNA HEIGHT
The actual antenna height
should at least be /4, but
where this is not possible, the
effective height should
correspond to /4.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

TOP
LOADING

A good method of increasing

radiation resistance by having a
horizontal portion at the top of the
antenna
Effect: to increase the current at
the base of the antenna and to
make the current distribution more
uniform

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

EFFECTIV
E LENGTH

Antennas behave as though

(electrically) they were longer
than their physical length

END
EFFECT

The result of physical antennas

having finite thickness, instead of
being infinitely thin.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

ANTENNA COUPLING AND

IMPEDANCE MATCHING

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

ANTENNA
COUPLING

A network composed of reactances and

transformers, which may be lumped or
distributed, to provide impedance matching

REASONS
FOR
COUPLING

To tune out the reactive component of the

antenna impedance
To provide the transmitter with the correct value
of load resistance
To prevent illegal radiation of spurious
frequencies

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

ANTENNA COUPLERS
Direct Coupler

The antennas are coupled directly to their

transmitters

Coupler

Affords a wider reactance range, giving

adequate harmonic suppression

Symmetrical
Coupler

Used for balanced lines

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

IMPEDANCE MATCHING
Stub
Matching

Accomplished by connecting the

coax or twin lead to the stub and
sliding the connections up or
down the stub until the proper
SWR is indicated by a meter
connected in the system.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

IMPEDANCE MATCHING
Delta Matching
Accomplished by spreading
the ends of the feedline and
adjusting the spacing until
optimum performance is
reached.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

IMPEDANCE MATCHING
Gamma Matching
A sliding clamp is included
in the assembly to permit
fine tuning for minimum
SWR at the time of
installation

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

IMPEDANCE MATCHING
Quarter
Wave
Matchin
g
BALUN

A section of transmission
line one quarter
wavelength long placed
between the load and
the line
Used to connect an
unbalanced (coaxial line) to a
balanced antenna

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

CURRENT FED (LOW Z

FEED)

An antenna is said to be current fed

if it is fed at the point of current
maximum
Includes all feed point impedances
below 600 ohms
Ex. Center fed half wave dipole or
Marconi antenna

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

VOLTAGE FED (HIGH Z

FEED)

An antenna is said to be voltage fed

if it is fed at the point of voltage
maximum
Includes all feed point impedances in
excess of 600 ohms
Ex. Center fed full wave dipole

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

1. Device that converts high frequency current

into electromagnetic waves.
a. antenna
b. loudspeaker
c. microphone
d. lightning arrester

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

2. A polar diagram or graph representing field

strengths or power densities at various angular
positions relative to an antenna.
a. Venn Diagram
b. Figure 8 pattern
c. Lissajous figure
d. Radiation Pattern

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

3. Refers to the orientation of the electric field

radiated from an antenna.
a. radiation
b. polarization
c. beamwidth
d. bandwidth

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

4. Pertains to a wire structure placed below the

antenna and erected above the ground which
is a form of capacitive grounding system.
a. image
b. counterpoise
c. antenna orientation
d. polarization

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

5. What is the technique used to electrically

increase the antenna length?
a. loading
b. using image antenna
c. using antenna arrays
d. increasing antenna height

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

6. Antenna supported by insulators seems

electrically longer than its physical length due
to
a. image
b. reflection
c. end effect
d. broadside effect

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

7. The ratio of the power radiated by the

antenna to the total input power.
a. power gain
b. directive gain
c. antenna efficiency
d. radiation efficiency

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

8. The ratio of the front lobe power to the back

lobe power
a. front to side ratio
b. front to back ratio
c. back to front ratio
d. minor to major ratio

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

9. The standard reference antenna for directive

gain
a. infinitesimal dipole
b. isotropic antenna
c. elementary doublet
d. half wave dipole

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

10. The gain of a hertzian dipole with respect

to an isotropic antenna
a. 1.76 dB
b. 2.15 dB
c. 1.5 dB
d. 1.64 dB

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

11. A half wave dipole antenna is capable of radiating

2000 watts and has a 2.15 dB gain over an isotropic
antenna. How much power must be delivered to the
isotropic antenna to match the field strength of the
directional antenna?
a. 1640 watts
b. 3280 watts
c. 4300 watts
d. 3520 watts

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

12. An ungrounded antenna near the

ground
a. acts as a single antenna of twice the
height
b. is unlikely to need a ground screen
c. acts as an antenna array
d. must be horizontally polarized

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

13. Top loading is sometimes used with an

antenna in order to increase its
a. effective height
b. bandwidth
c. beamwidth
d. input capacitance

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

14. Very low signal strength in an

antenna
a. minor lobes
b. nulls
c. antenna patterns
d. major lobes

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

15. A horizontal antenna is ______

polarized.
a. vertically
b. horizontally
c. centrally
d. circularly

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

16. An antenna with unity

gain.
a. rhombic
b. half wave dipole
c. isotropic
d. whip

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

17. What is the front to back ratio of an

antenna which radiates 500 watts in a
northernly direction and 50 watts in a
southernly direction?
a. 25000 dB
b. 10 dB
c. 100 dB
d. 20 dB

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

18. Good grounding is important

for
a. Horizontal antennas
b. Broadside array
c. Vertical antennas
d. Yagi Uda Antennas

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

19. If the radiated power increases 10.89 times,

the antenna current increases by
a. 3.3 times
b. 6.6 times
c. 1.82 times
d. 10.89 times

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

20. Shortening effect of an antenna that makes

it appear as if it were 5% longer
a. end effect
b. flywheel effect
c. skin effect
d. capture effect

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

21. If an antenna is too short for the wavelength

being used, the effective length can be
increased by adding
a. capacitance in series
b. inductance in series
c. resistance in parallel
d. resistance in series

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

22. Actual height of an antenna should be at

least
a. 1
b. /2
c. /4
d.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

23. The directivity pattern of an isotropic

radiator
a. figure 8
b. a sphere
c. unidirectional cardioid
d. parabola

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

24. A Hertz antenna is operating on a frequency of

2182 kHz and consists of a horizontal wire that is
hanged between two towers. What is the frequency of
its third harmonic?
a. 727 kHz
b. 6546 kHz
c. 436 kHz
d. 6.546 kHz

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

25. What is the gain of an antenna over a half

wavelength dipole when it has 6 dB gain over an
isotropic radiator?
a. 6 dB
b. 8.1 dB
c. 3.9 dB
d. 10 d

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

BASIC TYPES OF
ANTENNAS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

ISOTROPIC ANTENNA

ELEMENTARY DOUBLET

a standard reference antenna ,

radiating equally in all
directions, so that the radiation
pattern is spherical.

A theoretical antenna shorter

than a wavelength used as a
standard to which all other
antenna characteristics can be
compared

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

 = 60 le I sin / r
Where

angle of axis and point of maximum

antenna
length
r antenna
length

radiation
Le antenna
length
I antenna current

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

Ex. An elementary doublet is 10 cm long. If the 10

MHz current flowing through it is 2 A, what is the field
strength 20 km away from the doublet in a direction of
maximum radiation?
a. 6.28 uV/m
b. 62.83 uV/m
c. 15.92 uV/m
d. 1.59 uV/m

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

DIPOLE
An antenna made up of
two wires bent at 90
degrees to each other
so as to be in the same
line and signal is fed at
the center

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

HALF WAVE
DIPOLE
Length is /2 and
radiation pattern is a
toroid (bidirectional)

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

NON-RESONANT ANTENNA
One in which there are no standing
waves
Radiation pattern is directional
Standing waves are suppressed by the
use of a correct termination to ensure
that no power is reflected, so that only a
forward traveling wave will exist.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

LONG WIRE ANTENNA

Lengths in the order of several
wavelengths
When an antenna is 2 or more
wavelengths long, it provides gain and a
multilobe radiation pattern.
When terminated at one end, it becomes
unidirectional.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

RHOMBIC ANTENNA
Consists of non-resonant antenna elements
arranged differently, i.e. planar rhombus
Length of equal radiators = 2 to
8 s
Angle of tilt: 40 to 75
Rt = 800 ohms
Rin = 650 to 700 ohms

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

RHOMBIC ANTENNA
Non-resonant antenna used for long
distance sky wave transmission or
reception of horizontally polarized
waves over distances from 200 to
over 3000 miles at frequencies from
4 to 22 MHz.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

RESONANT ANTENNA
Standing waves exist, caused by
the presence of both a reflected
traveling wave and the forward
wave.
Antenna whose length is a
multiple of /4s

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

HERTZ ANTENNA
An antenna system in which the
ground is not an essential part
Half wave antenna used for
frequencies above 2 MHz
Half Wave Dipole

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

MARCONI ANTENNA
Grounded Quarter
Wavelength antenna
Quarter Wavelength
antenna used for
frequencies below 2 MHz;
omnidirectional
Vertical Monopole

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

ANTENNA ARRAYS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

ANTENNA
ARRAY
A radiating system
consisting of
individual radiators
or elements placed
close together so as
to be within each
others induction
field

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

DRIVEN
ELEMENT

Element of an array
connected to the
output of the
transmitter

PARASITIC
ELEMENT

Radiation not directly

connected to the output
of the transmitter
Receives energy through
the induction field of a
driven element

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

REFLECTOR

DIRECTOR

A parasitic element
longer than the
driven element and
close to it reduces
signal strength in its
own direction and
increases it in the
opposite direction.

A parasitic element
shorter than the
driven one from which
it receives energy;
tends to increase
radiation in its own
direction

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

BROADSIDE ARRAY
Simplest array which consists of a number of
dipoles of equal size, equally spaced along a
straight line with all dipoles fed in the same
phase from the same source.
Typical antenna length: 2 to
10 s
Typical spacing: /2 or /4
Number of elements: dozens

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

ENDFIRE ARRAY
Physical arrangement is the
same as that of the broadside
array
The magnitude of the current in
each element is still the same as
in every other element, there is
now a phase difference between
these currents.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

TURNSTILE ARRAY
Consists of two
horizontal, half wave
antennas mounted at
right angles to each
other

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

YAGI UDA ANTENNA

An array consisting of a driven element and
one or more parasitic elements arranged
collinearly and close together.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

FOLDED DIPOLE
Single antenna
which consists of 2
elements, one is fed
directly and the
other coupled
conductively at the
ends.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

LOG PERIODIC ANTENNA

Main feature is frequency
independence for both radiation
resistance and pattern
Bandwidths of 10:1 are
achievable with ease
Radiation patterns: uni and
bidirectional

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

LOG PERIODIC ANTENNA

Main feature is frequency
independence for both
radiation resistance and
pattern

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

PYRAMIDAL ANTENNA
It looks and works in much the
same way as a standard log
periodic antenna, with one big
difference: the two halves of the
transmission line are separated
and positioned as a V, so each
half of the transmission line is in
effect a single wire transmission
line.

a type of log periodic

antenna

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

UHF AND MICROWAVE

ANTENNAS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

PARABOLIC ANTENNA
Works on the principle of a parabola
Parabola a plane curve defined as
the locus of a point which moves so
that its distance from another point
(called the focus) plus its distance
from a straight line (directrix) is
constant.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

PARABOLIC ANTENNA
All waves coming from the
source and reflected by the
parabola will travel in the
same distance by the time
they reach the directrix, no
matter from what point on
the parabola they are
reflected.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

CASSEGRAIN ANTENNA
an antenna in which the radiator is
mounted at or near the surface of a
concave main reflector and is aimed
at a convex secondary reflector
slightly inside the focus of the main
reflector.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

BEAMWIDTH

Where:
D= mouth diameter, meters

= 70 /
D
0 = 2

0 = beamwidth between nulls,

degrees
= beamwidth
between half power
points, degrees
= wavelength,
meters

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

GAIN OF A PARABOLIC
ANTENNA
Ap = 6 ( D/)2
Where:
D= mouth diameter,
Ap =meters
Power Gain
= wavelength, meters

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

Ex. Calculate the beamwidth between nulls of

a 1m paraboloid reflector used at 6GHz.
a. 3.5
b. 7
c. 1.75
d. 14

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

Ex. Calculate the gain of the paraboloid

reflector in the previous problem.
a. 9600
b. 2400
c. 1600
d. 2800

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

HORN ANTENNA
Ideal as primary feed antenna
for parabolic reflectors and
lenses

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

LENS
ANTENNA

Used as a collimator of frequencies

in excess of 3 GHz

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

HELICAL ANTENNA
Broadband VHF and UHF antenna
which is used when it is desired to
provide circular polarization
characteristics
Consists of a loosely wound helix,
backed up by a ground plane, which
is simply a screen made of chicken
wire

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

DISCONE ANTENNA
A combination of a disk and a cone
in close proximity
Characterized by an enormous
bandwidth for both input impedance
and radiation pattern
A constant angle, low gain antenna;
omnidirectional

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

LOOP ANTENNA
Used for direction finding,
because they do not radiate
in a direction at right angles
to the plane of the loop.
For portable domestic
receivers

Circular or square shaped

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

PHASED ARRAY
Group of antennas,
connected to one
transmitter or receiver,
whose radiation beam
can be adjusted
electronically without
physically moving
parts; used in radars.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

WHIP ANTENNA
the most common example of a
monopole antenna, an antenna with a
single driven element and a ground
plane.
The whip antenna is a stiff but flexible
wire mounted, usually vertically, with
one end adjacent to a ground plane.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

SLOT ANTENNA
consists of a metal surface,
usually a flat plate, with a hole or
slot cut out.
When the plate is driven as an
antenna by a driving frequency,
the slot radiates electromagnetic
waves in similar way to a dipole
antenna.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

NOTCH
ANTENNA
An open ended slot
antenna
Since the currents are zero
at the middle of the slot,
we may cut the ground
plane here to make a
notch antenna.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

ANTENNA SUPPORT
STRUCTURES

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES

POLE
Used to signify one piece
of structure similar to the
common telephone pole

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

MAST

TOWER

Used to designate a
structure made of
metal or wood
which may be either
in a form of a one
piece or
sectionalized
structure

Applied to a
very large, high
structure,
which in most
cases, is
constructed of
metal

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

A non-resonant antenna that is capable of

operating satisfactorily over a relatively wide
bandwidth, making it ideally suited for HF
transmission.
a. end-fire array
b. rhombic
c. broadside array
d. log periodic
1.

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

2. Antenna that is independent of their radiation

resistance and radiation pattern to frequency. It
has bandwidth ratios of 10:1 or greater.
a. loop antenna
b. helical
c. Yagi Uda antenna
d. Log periodic antenna

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

3. A half wave antenna

a. Hertz
b. Marconi
c. Parabolic
d. Vertical Monopole

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

4. Antenna which is used very frequently but almost

entirely as a reception antenna and is usually found
at the back of table radios.
a. loop antenna
b. folded antenna
c. rhombic
d. log periodic

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

5. One of the special purpose antennas which has

broadband VHF and UHF that is ideally suited for
applications for which radiating circular rather than
horizontal or vertical polarized electromagnetic
waves are required.
a. loop antenna
b. phased array
c. folded dipole
d. helical

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

6. What are the two types of antenna elements?

a. driven and reflector
b. director and reflector
c. parasitic and director
d. driven and parasitic

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

7. Which one of the following terms does not

apply to the Yagi Uda array?
a. good bandwidth
b. parasitic elements
c. folded dipole
d. high gain

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

8. Indicate the antenna that is not

wideband.
a. discone
b. folded dipole
c. helical
d. Marconi

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

9. One of the following is not an omnidirectional

antenna
a. halfwave dipole
b. log periodic antenna
c. discone
d. Marconi

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

10. One of the following consists of nonresonant

antennas
a. rhombic
b. folded dipole
c. end fire array
d. broadside array

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

11. Which of the following is best excited

from a waveguide?
a. biconical
b. horn
c. helical
d. discone

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

12. An antenna that is circularly

polarized
a. parabolic reflector
b. Yagi Uda
c. Helical
d. Circular loop

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

13. What is the polarization of a discone

antenna?
a. vertical
b. horizontal
c. circular
d. spiral

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

14. When speaking of antennas, ____ is a section

which would be a complete antenna by itself.
a. image
b. top loading
c. bay
d. quarterwave

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

15. ______ is an antenna with a number of half

wave antennas in it.
a. antenna array
b. tower
c. omnidirectional
d. rhombic

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

16. Which antenna radiates an omnidirectional

pattern in the horizontal plane with vertical
polarization?
a. Marconi
b. Discone
c. Horn
d. Helical

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

17. An antenna with very high gain and very

narrow beamwidth.
a. helical
b. discone
c. horn
d. parabolic dish

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

18. An open ended slot

antenna
a. helical
b. rhombic
c. notch
d. cassegrain

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

19. Which antenna is properly

terminated?
a. Marconi
b. Rhombic
c. Dipole
d. Yagi Uda

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

20. What is the radiation characteristic of a

dipole antenna?
a. omnidirectional
b. bidirectional
c. unidirectional
d. hemispherical

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

21. An antenna which is one tenth

wavelength long.
a. hertz antenna
b. loop antenna
c. Marconi antenna
d. Elementary doublet

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

22. What is the minimum number of turns a

helical antenna must have?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

23. An antenna made up of a number of full

wavelengths
a. elementary doublet
b. log periodic
c. long wire
d. whip

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

24. Which of the following improves

antenna directivity?
a. driven element
b. reflector
c. director
d. parasitic element

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

25. The frequency of operation of a dipole

antenna cut to a length of 3.4 m
a. 88 MHz
b. 44 MHz
c. 22 MHz
d. 11 MHz

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

26. Where are the voltage nodes in a half wave

antenna?
a. at the ends
b. three quarters of the way from the feedpoint
towards the end
c. one half of the way from the feedpoint towards
the end
d. at the feedpoint

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

27. A simple half wavelength antenna

radiates the strongest signal
a. at 45 degrees to its axis
b. parallel to its axis
c. at right angles to its axis
d. at 60 degrees to its axis

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

28. An antenna array which is highly directional

at right angles to the plane of the array
a. Broadside
b. End fire
c. Turnstile
d. Log periodic

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

29. What is the usual electrical length of a

driven element in an HF beam antenna?
a. /4
b. /2
c. 3/4
d. 1

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

30. The input terminal impedance at the

center of a folded dipole antenna
a. 72
b. 300
c. 50
d. 73

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

31. The length of a Marconi antenna to operate

with 985 kHz is
a. 200 ft
b. 500 ft
c. 250 ft
d. 999 ft

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

32. The purpose of stacking elements on an

antenna
a. sharper directional pattern
b. increased gain
c. improved bandpass
d. all of these

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

33. Which of the following antennas is used for testing

and adjusting a transmitter for proper modulation,
amplifier operation and frequency accuracy?
a. elementary doublet
b. real
c. isotropic
d. dummy

Phil Lomboy po,

58 NA PO TAYO,
KAPUSO.

Phil Lomboy po,

PROUD TO BE KAPUSO.