Structural Analysis 7th Edition in SI Units

Russell C. Hibbeler

Chapter 7:

Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate

Structures

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the topic, students will be able to:
Analyse building frames by the Portal method for lateral loads
Analyse building frames by the Cantilever method for lateral
loads
(CO1,CO2-PO2,PO5

Contents:
Use of approximate methods - Introduction
Rigid-jointed multistory multibay unbraced frames
for lateral loads
Portal Method

Cantilever Method

Introduction

Concrete Frames

Masonry Frames

Introduction

Steel Frames

Introduction - Use of approximate methods

The analysis when using a model must satisfy both the conditions
of:
Equilibrium
Compatibility of displacements at joints
During preliminary design and analysis, actual member sizes are
not known & statically indeterminate analysis cannot be done
A simpler model must be developed such as a statically
determinate analysis
The analysis of this model is known as an approximate analysis
The preliminary design of the members can be made
After which, the more exact indeterminate analysis can be
performed & the design can be refined.
Approximate analysis is conducted by making realistic
assumptions about the behaviour of the structures.

Portal Frames
Case 1: Pin-supported

Portal Frames
Case 2: Fixed supported

Lateral loads on building frames:

Portal method

A building bent deflects in the same way as

portal frame
Each bent of the frame can be considered as a
series of portals
The interior columns would represent the effect
of 2 portal columns & would carry 2x the shear
V as the exterior columns

Lateral loads on building

frames:
Portal
method
The portal method for analyzing fixed
supported building frames requires the
following assumptions:
A hinge is placed at the center of each girder
A hinge is placed at the center of each
column
At a given floor level, the shear at the int.
column hinges is 2x that at the ext. column
hinges

Chapter 7: Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures

Structural Analysis 7th Edition
2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Lateral loads on building

frames:
Portal
method
These assumptions provide an adequate

reduction of the frame to one that is

statically determinate and yet stable
under loading
This method is more suitable for buildings
having low elevation and uniform framing

Chapter 7: Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures

Structural Analysis 7th Edition
2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Portal method
Steps required for analysis:
1)

Locate the inflection point for girders/beams and

columns
2) Calculate the column shear
3) Determine the other reactions (axial force and moment)
for each section
4) Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams (SFD
and BMD)

Example 7-6: Portal method

A rigid-jointed plane building frame with three built-in supports
at A,B and C is shown in Figure 1. Horizontal point loads of
20kN and 30kN are applied at points G and D, respectively.
Estimate, using the portal method, the reactions at the base of
the columns of the frame.

Figure 1

Solution
Step 1: Locate the inflection points of beams and columns
Level 2

Level 1

Step 2: Calculate the column shear (apply equilibrium

equation)

Solution
Step 2: Calculate the column shear (apply equilibrium
equation) cont

Solution
Step 3: Determine the other reactions for each part of the frame

Exercise

JUNE 2016

Exercise
A rigid-jointed plane building frame with four built-in supports at A, B,
C and D is shown in Figure 2. A horizontal point load of 25 kN and 40
kN are applied at point J and H, respectively.
a)Estimate the reactions at support D and the axial force in column CG
using the portal method.
b)Draw the bending moment diagram for the column CGJ, showing the
approximate values at the salient points.

Figure 2

Lateral loads on building

frames:
Cantilever
method
This method is based on the same action

as a long cantilever beam subjected to a

transverse load
This causes a bending stress that varies
linearly from the beams neutral axis
In a similar manner, the lateral loads on a
frame tends to tip the frame over or
cause a rotation about a neutral axis
lying in the horizontal plane that passes
through the columns at each floor level

Chapter 7: Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures

Structural Analysis 7th Edition
2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Cantilever method
To counter this, the axial forces in the
columns will be tensile on one side of the
neutral axis & compressive on the other
side
It is reasonable to assume this axial
stress has a linear variation from the
centroid of the neutral axis
This method is appropriate if
the frame is tall & slender
or has columns with
different x-sectional areas

Chapter 7: Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures

Structural Analysis 7th Edition
2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Cantilever method
The following assumptions apply for a
fixed support frame
A hinge is placed at the center of each girder
A hinge is placed at the center of each
column
The axial stress in a column is proportional to
its distance from the centroid of the crosssectional areas of the columns at a given
floor level
Chapter 7: Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures
Structural Analysis 7th Edition
2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Lateral loads on building

frames:
SinceCantilever
stress = force per method
area, then in the
case of equal cross-sectional areas, the force
in a column is proportional to its distance
from the centroid

These assumptions reduce the frame to

one that is both stable & statically
determinate

Chapter 7: Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures

Structural Analysis 7th Edition
2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 7.7
Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of
the columns of the frame. The columns are assumed to
have equal cross-sectional areas. Use the cantilever
method of analysis.

Chapter 7: Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures

Structural Analysis 7th Edition
2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Solution
Hinges are placed at midpoints of the columns &
girders.
The locations of these points are indicated by the
letters G through L.
The axial force in each column is ~ distance from
this point.
A section through the hinges H and K at the top
floor yields the free body diagram as shown.

Chapter 7: Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures

Structural Analysis 7th Edition
2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Solution
With anticlockwise moments ve,
M 0 30(2) 3H y 3K y 0
By proportional triangles
Hy Ky

H y K y 10kN
3
3
In a similar manner, using a section of the frame through
the hinges at G & L, we have:
With anticlockwise moments ve,
M 0 30(6) 15(2) 3G y 3L y 0
By proportional triangles
G y Ly

H y K y 35kN
3
3
Chapter 7: Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures
Structural Analysis 7th Edition
2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Solution

Each part of the frame can be analysed using the above

results.
Beginning with the upper corner where the applied
loading occurs, segment HCI.
Applying eqn of equilibrium yields the results for Hx, Ix
and Iy.
Using these results, segment IDK is analysed next
followed by HJG & KJL.
Finally the bottom portions of the columns.

Chapter 7: Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures

Structural Analysis 7th Edition
2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Cantilever method
Steps required for analysis:
1) Locate point of inflection (mid-span of girders and
columns)
2) Locate the centre of gravity

A1X1 A 2X 2 A3X3 A 4X 4
X
A
3) Determine the axial force in each column
4) Determine shear force of each part of the frame and
determine member end moments
5) Draw bending moment diagrams (BMD)

Example 2: Cantilever method

A rigid-jointed building frame with four built-in supports at W,
X, Y and Z is shown in Figure 3. Horizontal point loads of 10
kN are applied at points A and L, respectively. Analyse the
frame and draw bending moment diagram using the cantilever
method

Figure 3

Solution
Step 1: Locate point of inflection

Step 2: Locate the centre of gravity

Solution
Step 3: Determine the axial force in each column

Solution

Solution
Step 4: Determine shear forces of each part of the frame and
calculate member end moments

Solution

Solution

Solution

Solution
Step 5: Draw bending moment diagram (BMD ACEG)

Example 3: Cantilever method

Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the
columns of the frame shown (Figure 4) by using cantilever
method. The columns have the cross-sectional areas as
indicated in Figure 4.

Figure 4

Solution

Solution

+M NA 0 :

35(2) Ly(8.48) My(2.48) Ny(1.52) Oy(9.52) 0 (1)

Solution

+ M NA 0 : 45(3) 35(7) Ey(8.48) Fy( 2.48) Gy(1.52) Hy(9.52) 0 (5)

Solving Eqn. (5)-(8) yields;

Solution

Exercise
For the three-storey frame
as shown in Figure 5:
a)Calculate
the
approximate member end
moments in column AE
and beam EF using the
cantilever method, and
b)Draw the corresponding
bending moment diagrams
for the column and beam,
highlighting
the
end
values.
The areas of the columns
from right to left are A,
2A, 3A and 1.5A. E is
constant

Figure 5

Exercise

Dec 2015 Q1

P1 = 55 kN,
P2 = 24.4 kN