Urban health

Submitted by :
415206101001 d.sudas
415206101005 s . Ramana rao
415206101007 s.m.sudhakar
Submitted to : Dr.P.Sudhir , vamsi sir

Abstract review on Urban health

Definitions

Urbanization trends

Impacts of Urbanization on Health

WHO Initiatives on Urban Health

Urban Health Care Delivery System in India

Policies & Schemes relevant to India

National Urban Health Mission

Role of Various Sectors

Definitions
What is an urban area?

According to Census of India

A.

All statutory places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board

or notified town area committee, etc.

B.

A place satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously:

i.

a minimum population of 5,000;

ii.

at least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and

iii.

a density of population of at least 400 per sq. km. (1,000 per sq. mile).

Definitions
What is an urban slum?

i.

All specified areas in a town or city notified as Slum by State/Local

Government and UT Administration under any Act including a Slum Act

ii.

All areas recognized as Slum by State/Local Government and UT

Administration, Housing and Slum Boards, which may have not been
formally notified as slum under any act

iii.

A compact area of at least 300 population or about 60-70 households of

poorly built congested tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with
inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking
water facilities

Definitions

What is urbanization?

Urbanization refers to the change in size, density and heterogeneity

of cities

What is urban health?

The health of a population that lives and works closely together, usually in an
incorporated area, such as a city or town, with a common water supply and
with similar environmental conditions

The status of health in urban populations

Urban Health means putting the needs of people and communities at the heart
of the urban planning process to ensure better access to urban services which
improve human health for all

Urbanisation trends
Indian

Scenario - 2011

Total Population
1028.6

Urban Population
286

Million (27.8%)

Growth rate
Rural

17.9 %

Urban

Million

31.2 %

Estimated Slum Population

60

Million

World Scenario 2010

Total Population
6906.5 million
Urban Population
349.4 million (50.6%)
Growth rate
Rural 0.22 %
Urban 1.91 %

Urbanization trends

Movement of people from rural to urban areas with population growth

equating to urban migration

A double edged sword

On one hand- Provides people with varied opportunities and scope for economic
development

On the other- Exposes community to new threats

Unplanned urban growth is associated with

Environmental degradation

Population demands that go beyond the environmental service capacity, such as drinking
water, sanitation, and waste disposal and treatment

Urbanization trends

Migration

Slums

Unhygienic
conditions

Communicable
diseases

Non-Communicable
diseases

Illiteracy

Overcrowding

Stretching of
overburdened
systems

Unemployment

Poverty

Crimes
Injuries
Stress
Life style
modification

Mental
illness
Migration-cobweb

Impact of urbanization on health

Impact of urbanisation on health

Environmental concerns

Housing and shelter quality: strong health determinants

Health hazards of poor water supply and sanitation

Violence and crime

Mental health, loneliness and depression

Substance abuse

Road traffic accidents

Climate change

Fuel

Health inequity

Outcome Diseases

Overcrowding and related health issues

Rapid growth of urban centers has led to

substandard housing on marginal land and
overcrowding

Outbreaks
of
diseases
transmitted
through
respiratory and faeco-oral route due to increased
population density

It exacerbates health risks related to insufficient and

poor water supply and poor sanitation systems

Lack of privacy leading to depression, anxiety,

stress etc
11

Outcome Diseases

Air pollution and its consequences

Due to increase in the numbers of motorized vehicles

and industries in the cities of the developing world

Problems of noise and air pollution

Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with

both short-term and long-term effects

Short-term air pollution can aggravate medical conditions

like asthma and emphysema

Long-term health effects can include chronic respiratory

disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to
other vital organs
12

Outcome Diseases

Water and sanitation problems

Due to increasing urbanization coupled with existing unsustainability factors and conventional urban water
management

Nearly 1.1 billion people worldwide who do not have

access to clean drinking water and 2.6 billion people i.e.
over 400 million people, lack even a simple improved
latrine

Can lead to increased episodes of diarrhea and economic

burden
13

Outcome Diseases

Upsurge of Non-communicable diseases

The rising trends of non-communicable diseases are a

consequence of the demographic and dietary transition

Decreases in activity combined with access to processed

food high in calories and low in nutrition have played a
key role

Urbanization is an example of social change that has a

remarkable effect on diet in the developing world

14

Outcome Diseases

Traditional staples food are often more expensive in

urban areas than in rural areas, whereas processed foods
are less expensive

This favors the consumption of new processed foods

This places the urban population at increased risk of

cordiac dieases

In India, chronic diseases are estimated to account for 53%

of all deaths and 44% of disability-adjusted life-years
(DALYs) lost in 2005

15

Challenges to Health System

Challenges to Health System

WHO initiatives on urban health

Theme of World Health Day 2010

Thousand cities, thousand lives

WHO recommends the five calls to action to build a healthy and safe urban
environment:
1.

Promote urban planning for healthy behaviours and safety

2.

Improve urban living conditions

3.

Ensure participatory urban governance

4.

Build inclusive cities that are accessible and age-friendly

5.

Make urban areas resilient to emergencies and disasters

Health system in Urban India

No well organised services in urban areas

Urban family welfare centers (UFWC)

Provide outreach services - primary health care, maternal & child health,
and distribution of contraceptives

Urban health posts (UHPs)

Postpartum centers (PPCs)

Provide outreach family welfare services to various slum populations

Medical colleges

Provide tertiary health care services as well as primary health

services to urban areas

care

Health system in Urban India

Urban ICDS projects

Urban basic services scheme & urban development

projects

Provide basic maternal &child health services

Urban malaria schemes (UMS)

Set up to promote health & development of women & children through integrated
packages of services for urban poor

Under UMS, surveillance staff & vector control teams have been provided to control
vector borne disease

Urban RCH projects

Each project covered about 100,000 urban slum population

Health system in Urban India

Other facilities run by

Central/ state govt

Municipalties/ Municipal corporation

NGOs

Private sectors

ESI dispensaries

Health system in Urban India

National Urban Health Mission

In order to effectively address the health concerns of the poor population,

the Health Ministry proposes to launch National Urban Health Mission (NUHM).

The NUHM would have high focus on

Urban Poor Population living in listed and unlisted slums

All other vulnerable population such as homeless, rag-pickers, street children,

rickshaw pullers, construction and brick and lime kiln workers, sex workers, any
other temporary migrants

Public health thrust on sanitation, clean drinking water, vector control etc.

Strengthening public health capacity of urban local bodies

Study review methodolgy

Taking two area

Densily populated (near industrial areas)

Rarely populated (near greenery area )

Comparing with standards WHO , DM&HO

WHO URBAN HEALTH INDEX

What is the Urban Health Index?

The UHI provides a flexible approach to selection, amalgamation, and presentation of

health data. Its purpose is to furnish visual, graphical, and statistical insight into various
health indicators and health determinants within particular geographic boundaries and
health disparities with a focus on capturing intra-urban health disparities.

The UHI described here builds on the considerable correlation among indicators of the
same type (for example, total mortality and its subsets), and eschews weighting in favor
of different indicator combinations.2 The method for the UHI construction has drawn on
the approach used by the Human Development Index (HDI)3 that standardizes indicators
by converting them to a proportion of their range, and combines them using the
geometric mean. The UHIs for contiguous areas are rank ordered. A disparity ratio is
calculated from the extremes of the distribution, and a disparity slope is calculated by
the angle of increase. UHIs for contiguous areas are mapped to provide an immediate
visual grasp of the extent and distribution of disparities.

Flow Diagram for Construction of an Urban

Health Index

SELECTING INDICATORS FOR THE URBAN HEALTH

INDEX

Selection of Indicators: A Framework

This framework contains three levels of measurement: rubrics, domains, and indicators (see Figure 2).

Rubrics represent societal factors that affect health, either directly or as determinants.
Domains are specific factors within a rubric for which measurements are available
(for example: Sociodemographics [Rubric] g Infant mortality [Domain]).
Indicators, and the disparities that are derived from them, are the specific measures actually used
(for example: Environment [Rubric] g Air quality [Domain] g Proportion of households living within 300 m of major
industrial stationary sources of air pollution [Indicator]).

STEPS FOR CONSTRUCTING THE URBAN HEALTH

INDEX

1.Preparing the Data

2.Calculating the Urban Health Index

Standardization of the Indicators

STEPS FOR CONSTRUCTING THE URBAN HEALTH

INDEX

where j is the number of standardized indicators, and theUHI is computed by multiplying the values of S I together for each
unit and raising the product to the jth root. A useful property of the geometric mean for the purposes of the UHI is that a
given percentage change in any indicator has the same effect on the geometric mean, regardless of the indicators range.

3 . Calculating the Error Variance of the Urban Health Index

One potential source of error for many indicators is sampling error that occurs when measurements of an indicator are taken on
a finite sample from the population. This may be especially true for small geographic area data formed by aggregating individual
units.
4 . Calculating Summary Statistics for the Urban Health Index
Once the UHI has been calculated for all areas, it will be useful to calculate descriptive statistics for the purposes of interpreting
the UHI and state of health for the urban area under consideration. The most useful descriptive statistics are those reflecting
central tendency (such as, arithmetic mean or median), dispersion or variation (such as, standard deviation or interquartile
range), and quantiles.
Mean :

Standard deviation :

Inter quartile range :

STEPS FOR CONSTRUCTING THE URBAN HEALTH

INDEX

5 . Creating an Index Plot of the Urban Health Index

Visualization of the UHI can be useful for understanding and reporting the state of health and its determinants for
an urban area. One potentially useful visualization for examining the distribution of the UHI is an index plot. The
index plot denotes UHI values against their ranked position in ascending order. Obtaining an index plot can be
performed with statistical software or spreadsheet software.

First, compute and record the ranked position of each area according to its UHI value. Most statistical software and
spreadsheets programs have a function for computing the rank of a variable. Then, a scatterplot is obtained with
UHI values along the y- (vertical) axis and the rank along the x- (horizontal) axis.

STEPS FOR CONSTRUCTING THE URBAN HEALTH

INDEX
6 . Quantifying Geographic Disparities Using the Urban Health Index
The index plot provides visualization of the extent of geographic disparities for a particular urban area,34 but it is often
useful to have quantitative measures for a more precise analysis of geographic disparities. This step describes two
measures: (1) the extent to which disparities exist among the units or areas occupying the central portion of the UHI
distribution, and (2) the extent of disparities between the extremes of the UHI distribution.
Assessing the Extent of Disparity between the Outer UHI Quantiles:
The Disparity Difference and Ratio The second measure of inequities and disparities captures the differences between
the areas with highest UHI values versus those with the lowest UHI values. In the example shown in Figure 7, the upper
10% and the bottom 10% of areas are based on their UHI values. This measure is computed in one of two ways.
1 . Calculate the Difference in the Mean Values of the Top and Bottom Quantiles of the UHI
2 . Calculate the Ratio of the Mean Values of the Top and Bottom Quantiles of the UHI

MAPPING THE URBAN HEALTH INDEX

Mapping the UHI provides the essential information needed by urban planners, public health professionals and decision
makers to gain insight into the spatial patterns of health inequities.

Mapping the UHI requires a Geographic Information System (GIS) program and geospatial vector data of the boundaries of
geopolitical or geo-statistical units used in the calculation of the UHI. A commonly used commercial GIS program is ArcGIS
for Desktop developed by Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI, Redlands, California). It currently works only
with the Microsoft Windows operating systems.

Mapping the UHI results in general will involve three steps (see Figure 8). (1) Make sure both the UHI data file and the
attribute of the boundary shapefile have a common key. The key, which could include county name, zip code number, or
other identifier must be unique and have the same format (e.g., either numeric or string). Because a shapefile has a
database file (.dbf) to keep its attribute, Excel may be used to open the .dbf file to identify the common key. (2) Add both
the UHI result data and the shapefile data to a GIS program, and, using the Join function, append the UHI result to the
boundary shapefile for mapping. (3)The GIS program may be used to create a choropleth map based on UHI values.

ANALYSIS AND REPORT WRITING

The person who does the analysis and report will probably not be the person or people who will act upon it. The policy
makers or decision makers (DM) are likely to work in a vastly different arena from the analyst. They are likely to have
different priorities and may not have the technical expertise to fully understand the report data. For the UHI to have the
greatest effect, the report should be tailored to the time, knowledge, and interests of the DM. However, the details and
methods will be important to other researchers or professionals; so those should also be provided.

SAMPLE SURVEY WITH INDICATORS

DATA

NFHS

ANALYSIS

INFERENCE

CONCLUSION

SOLUTIONS