WATER SANITATION

JI Charmane C. Leonardo

OBJECTIVES

General:
To

discuss on water sanitation

Specific Objectives:
To

discuss on functions and properties of water

To discuss different contaminants in water
To discuss on different water purification process
To discuss on different examinations in water

FUNCTIONS OF WATER
Power production for hydropower and steam
generation
Commercial and industrial processes
Agricultural purposes
Residential and commercial fire protection
The process of carrying human and industrial
wastes

PROPERTIES OF WATER
Pure water is clear,
colorless, tasteless, and
odorless
Strong solvent
Freezes at 0C and boils
at 100C
Important constituent of
all living matter
Medium of removing
waste materials from the
human body

DIFFERENT CONTAMINANTS IN
WATER
Microbial Contaminants
Chemical Contaminants
Radiologic Contaminants

MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS IN
WATER

3 Categories:
Bacterial

Pathogens
Protozoan Parasites
Enteric Viruses

Transmissible through drinking contaminated

water

WATER BORNE PATHOGENS

Bacterial Pathogens

WATER-BORNE PATHOGENS

Protozoan

WATER-BORNE PATHOGENS

Enteric Viruses

WATER-BORNE DISEASE OUTBREAK

Criteria:
1.

2.

More than two individuals must have experienced

similar symptoms after exposure to the
contaminated water
Epidemiologic evidence must implicate drinking
water as the probable source of the water related
illness or disease

CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IN
WATER
Toxicity potential human effects and carcinogenic
potential
May result from industrial and municipal
discharges, urban road runoff and reaction of
chlorine with natural organics

RADIOLOGIC CONTAMINANTS IN
WATER
Maybe naturally occurring or man-made
Natural erosions of natural deposits
Man-made:

Fallout

from weapon testing

Nuclear power plants
Users of radioactive materials

SUSCEPTIBLE SUBPOPULATIONS AT
RISK
Pregnant women and developing fetuses
Neonates, infants and children
Geriatric patients
Patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy
Patient treated with chemotherapeutic agents
Patients with pre-existing clinical disorders or
chronic diseases resulting from impairment of
the renal, hepatic or immunologic

WATER PURIFICATION
PROCESSES
Flocculation and
coagulation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection

COAGULATION
Chemical addition, mixing and flocculation
Alum and Ferric salts
Lime and Soda
Utility rapid mixing equipment for uniform
distribution of treatment chemicals
Flocculation

Mechanical

paddles or diffused air stirs in water

gently promoting flocs to settle easily

SEDIMENTATION
Effluent from flocculation tank are led to the
sedimentation tank
Detention time varies 2-6 hours
Mechanical sludge collector can be intsalled

MANAGEMENT OF SLUDGE
Considered as pollutant and must be reclaimed
and disposed properly
Transport by tract to landfill or other acceptable
place for disposal

FILTRATION
Composed of sand grains varying in size
Rest on a bed of graded gravel with small orifices
Floc settles in the interices or is absorbed in the
surface of the sand grains
Filter is backwashed with filtered watered
sometimes accompanied by air
Filter run: lasts 48 hours
Filter washing process: 10 minutes

DISINFECTION

Chlorine
Single

most important process

Properties of water disinfectants

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Remove sensitive bacteria, viruses, and amoebic

cysts
Remain non-toxic and palatable to human and
domestic animals
Offer a reasonable cost and be easily stored,
transported, handles and applied safety
Provide determinable measurement of residual
concentration
Offer sufficient resistance in treated water

DISINFECTION

Other methods of disinfection

Boiling

water
Oxidizing chemicals
Sunlight
Irradiation
Mercury vapor arc lamp
Silver ions
Copper ions

EXAMINATION OF WATER
Physical
Chemical
Bacteriological
Biological
Radiological

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

Physical attributes of water

Turbidity
Color

Taste
Odor

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION

Asses the behavior of water gives the chemical

picture of impurities present
pH

Alkalinity
Total

solids
Chloride
Hardness

BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
Most important single test
To detect the presence of indicator organism

BIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION

Kind and amount of microscopic life are

determined

RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION

From nuclear installation or radioisotope

laboratory and rain water from atmospheric
contamination