KEKAR

(joints / fractures)

JOINTS
Joints / fractures
Brittle cracks in rock
Formed near surface
Regular & irregular spatial distribution
No offset
Pengertian umum:
REKAHAN ADALAH SEMUA BENTUK
DISKONTINUITAS DALAM BATUAN

JOINTS
Kekar (joint/fract.)
Struk yg paling umum dijumpai di alam,
tetapi sulit utk analisis kinematik/dinamik.
FAKTOR PEMBATAS
Sulit ditentukan jenisnya
Tidak ada, kecilnya pergeseran
Sulit mengetahui waktu pembentukannya
Aktif / diaktifkan kembali oleh deformasi yang
berulang
Terbentuk oleh proses yang beragam

STRESS vs STRAIN DIAGRAM: Kurva terjadinya rekahan

2 kurva pembentukan rekahan:

BRITTLE vs DUCTILE

Strain-Stress Diagram

FRACTURES & JOINTS

Genetics: Tension & Shear Fractures
Origins: at most geologic events
e.g. colling, uplift, deformations,
faulting and folding
No singnificant displacement
Associated with other structures;
faults (zone) and folding.

SYSTEMATIC & Non-SYSTEMATIC JOINTS

(Twiss & Moore, 1992)

SYSTEMATIC JOINTS / FRACTURES

Sistem kekar pada batupasir kompak, di Arches National Park, Utah

(Hamilton, WK., hal 172 )

Collumnar jonting
dilihat dari atas

Kenampakan
collumnar jonting
dari samping

JOINTS
Preferential weathering of
joints in Sandstone;

Calcite veins in joints of

marble, Laurel Mt., CA

MODERN VIEW OF DISCONTINOUS STRUCTURES

Opening
fracture

Sliding
fracture

Fracture classification based on mechanics

Crack propagations model

Tearing
fracture

MODERN VIEW OF DISCONTINOUS STRUCTURES

Two basic types of discontinuous structures:
(1) FAULTS are discontinuities in which one blocks has slipped past
another.
(2) JOINTS are discontinuities where block move apart but do not slip
pas each other.
Faults are Mode II and III cracks while Joints are Mode I fracture.

Formation of Fractures
3

A. Tension
fracture

B. Longitudinal
splitting

C. Extension
fracture

D. Conjugate
shear fracture

Relationship between fracture types and stress from rock experiments

(Davis & Reynolds, 1996)

Compressive Fractures

The Coulomb Law of Failure

c = o + tan ( n)
c
= critical shear stress
o
= cohesive strength
tan = coefficient
of internal friction
n
= normal stress

(Modified from Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

Mohr Diagram and Fracture Types

Failure Envelope and Development of Fracture at Different Condition

s

Von Mises ductle

failure criterion

Brittle-ductile
transition
Yield stress

Coulumb
fracture
criterion

Parabolic
fracture
envelope

C
B

T0
A

f
3

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

CRACK PROPAGATION AND NUCLEATION

The Development of Through Going Fracture (Fault)

Griffith Crack
2 = 4 t( t+ )
t = tensile strength
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

Pre-existing crack
Crack closed
Crack propagation
Crack begin to interact
Fault forms

Twiss and Moores (1992)

PEMBENTUKAN REKAHAN BATUAN

Pembentukan rekahan batuan terjadi ketika terkena
tekanan yang melampaui batas kekuatannya.
Tekanan rendah terbentuk brittle fracture dan rekahrekah serta terlipat sedangkan tekanan tinggi
terbentuk ductile flow. (Hamilton, WK.,hal 169)

EXPERIMENT ROCK DEFORMATION

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS : tipe rekahan -> fungsi kedalaman

(a) Tensional fractures

(b) Compressive fractures (shear fracture)
(c) Hybrid fractures
(d) No fractures (dilation)

PERMUKAAN
BIDANG REKAHAN

FRACTURE PROPAGATION (penjalaran rekahan)

BENTUK2 PERPOTONGAN
REKAHAN

Y-shape crosscutting

X-shape crosscutting

T-shape crosscutting

Fracture Pattern

Fracture Pattern

VEIN FORMATIONS

Veins & Shear movement

JOINTS & FOLDING

Stylolites

JOINTS & FOLDING

JOINTS & INTRUSION

Kedudukan kekar

Notasi

Jumla
h

No

Hasil Pengukuran

(N E)

(N E)

10

180

190

10

20

190

20

30

30

lll

273

275

200

10

276

278

200

210

101

103

40

210

220

lllll

31

33

110

112

40

50

220

230

ll

33

35

333

335

50

60

230

240

39

41

334

336

60

70

240

250

211

213

180

182

70

80

250

260

218

220

352

354

80

90

260

270

45

47

219

221

90

100

270

280

10

222

224

35

37

100

110

280

290

11

62

64

88

90

110

120

290

300

12

65

67

75

77

120

130

300

310

13

244

246

338

340

130

140

310

320

14

248

250

33

35

140

150

320

330

15

249

251

213

215

150

160

330

340

16

93

95

92

94

160

170

340

350

17

94

96

95

97

170

180

350

360

18

271

273

103

105

Mineralized Joints, Veins, Dikes & Faults

STATION 6

STATION 7

STATION 8

Stereographic Projection

Joint Rosettes

Frequency Diagrams

DEFORMATION MECHANISM

Undeformed
specimen

20% strain at
280 atmospheres
confining pressure

20% strain at
460 atmospheres
confining pressure

FIG. V-2. Plastic Deformation of Marble

Note the increasing closeness of spacing of shear planes with higher confining pressure

2)

MOHR DIAGRAM

GMI (2001)

ROCK MECHANICS CONCEPTS

ROCK STRENGTH

GMI (2001)