DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

OF SUB TRANSMISSION,
DISTRIBUION LINES & SUBEr. K.V. Surya Prakasa Rao, Former
STATIONS
SE/APTRANSCO

Design of Electrical Sub

Transmission and
Design aspects Power Distribution System
Distribution
LinesRules.
governed by Indian Electricity

is

Desired features of Power Distribution System are

Safety,
Quality supply to consumers
To
follow Standards in Design Construction,
installation Protection, Operation and Maintenance
of electrical equipment and lines, Substations
To lay down standard procedures and follow the
same with accountability to people

Voltages at which power is to be

Supplied

L.T. single phase consumers 240V

L.T. three phase consumers 415V
H.T. consumers 11,000V; 33,000V;
1,32,000V

Permissible Voltage
Variations:

Up to 650V supply

+ 6%

11KV and 33KV

+ 6% ; - 9%

132 KV

+ 10.0%; - 12.5%

220KV

+ 5%

Permissible Frequency Variation: + 3%

Pole sizes, spans and conduction
sizes for Length
the lines
:
Type of Pole
of
Voltage of
Max Span

Pole

Line

(mts)

PSCC

9.1 meters

33KV

100

PSCC

8.0 meters

11KV

107

PSCC

8.0 meters

415/240V

67

Support Formation

Single Pole Support: 0 100 Deviation

Double Pole Support: 100 - 600 Deviation
Double Pole Support: 600 - 900 Deviation

Conductor:

The table below gives sizes and other details of conductors standardized
for use in subtransmission and distribution system for various types of
lines. These are:
ACSR Aluminium Conductors Steel Reinforced
AAC All Aluminium Conductors

AAAC Aluminium
Conductors
Voltage
No. andAlloy
Diameter
of Wire
Class
33 KV Lines

1. 7/3.35 mm (50 mm2)

2. 7/4.09 mm (80 mm2)
3.

6/4.72 mm + 7/1.57 mm (100 mm2)

Type of
Conductor

Resistance /
KM

ACSR (AAAC)
ACSR (AAAC)
ACSR (AAAC)

0.5524 OHMS
0.3712 OHMS
0.2792 OHMS

11 KV Lines

1. 7/2.11 mm (20 mm2)

2. 7/2.59 mm (30 mm2)
3. 7/3.35 mm (50 mm2)

ACSR (AAAC)
ACSR (AAAC)
ACSR (AAAC)

1.394 OHMS
0.9289 OHMS
0.5524 OHMS

LT Lines

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ACSR (AAAC)
ACSR (AAAC)
ACSR (AAAC)
AAC (AAAC)
AAC (AAAC)

1.394 OHMS
0.9289 OHMS
0.5524 OHMS
1.306 OHMS
0.5524 OHMS

7/2.11
7/2.59
7/3.35
7/2.21
7/3.10

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

(20
(30
(50
(25
(50

mm2)
mm2)
mm2)
mm2)
mm2)

Stay Wire:
Stay Wires are used for anchoring of power line
poles at dead ends and at angular locations. The
individual wire used to form stranded stay
wire is to be of Tensile grade 4 having minimum
tensile strength of 700 N / mm2 as per IS2141.
Three sizes have been standardized and are
No. of
Wires & below:
Wire Dia
Minimum
Minimum
tabulated

Const.

(mm)

Breaking Load
of Single - Wire
Before
Stranding (KN)

Breaking Load
of Line
Stranded Wire
(KN)

7 (6/1)

2.5

3.44

22.86

7 (6/1)

3.15

5.45

36.26

7 (6/1)

4.0

8.79

58.45

Factor of Safety:
The factor of safety
adopted is 2 with the
following
loads:
Working
Load working
on Wind Pressure

Pole

Zone (where to be
used)

1.200 kg
2.300 kg
3.400 kg

50 kg / m2
75 kg / m2
100 kg / m2

Wind Loads on conductors in Different

Wind - Regions

Code

Size
Mm

Conduc
tor

Wind Load in Kg. per meter run of

conductor
Wind Region
50 Kg/m2

W.R. 75 kg /
m2

W.R.100 kg /
m2

W.R.150 kg /
m2

Dog

6/4.72+
7/1.57

ASCR

0.472

0.757

0.943

1.415

Racoon

7/4.09

ASCR

0.409

0.613

0.818

1.227

Rabbit

7/3.35

ASCR

0.335

0.502

0.670

1.005

Weasel

7/2.59

ASCR

0.259

0.388

0.518

0.777

Squirrel

7/2.11

ASCR

0.211

0.316

0.422

0.633

Amt.

7/3.1

AAC

0.310

0.465

0.620

0.930

Gnat

7/2.21

AAC

0.221

0.331

0.442

0.663

Dog
(equivalent)

7/4.26

AAAC

0.426

0.639

0.852

1.278

Racoon

7/3.81

AAAC

0.381

0.572

0.762

1.143

Rabbit

7/3.15

AAAC

0.315

0.472

0.630

0.945

Weasel

7/2.5

AAAC

0.250

0.375

0.500

0.750

Squirrel

7/2.0

AAAC

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.600

Ground Clearance:
Clearance above ground of the lowest conductor (including
guard wires) is to meet the following conditions:
1. No conductor of an overhead line including service lines
erected across a street shall be at any part there of be at a
height less than:
a) For low & medium voltage line (i.e. up to 650 volts) 5.791
mts
b) For high voltage lines (up to 33 KV)
6.096 mts
2. Along a street:
a) For low& medium voltage lines
_5.486 mts
b) For high voltage lines(up to 33 KV)
_ 5.794
mts
3.Elsewhere other than 1,2 above
a) For high voltage up to 11KV
- 4.572 mts
b) For HV line above 11 KV but up to 33KV - 5.182 mts

Ground Clearance:

a.

b.

i)

ii)

Clearance from Building, Structure etc

The vertical clearance above building (from the
highest point) on the basis of maximum sag shall not
be less than (2.439 m) 8 ft for low and medium
voltage line (up to 650 volts) and (3.64 m) 12 ft for 11
and 33 KV line.
The horizontal clearance is to be 4 ft (1.219 m) upto
11 KV line and 6 ft (1.820 m) for 33 KV line.
It may be mentioned that for Railway crossing, rules
as prescribed by Railways are to be followed
Similarly the lines crossing or in proximity to the
telecommunication lines, the overhead line is to be
protected as per code of practice laid down by PTCC
coordination committee

Construction of
Lines

Construction Practice

The basic parameters for selection of materials

and standards, once decided will help in adopting
sound construction practices. Estimation of
materials labour and transport facilities, having
been assessed the materials should be made
available at site, required working gangs
(equipped with tools & tackles) should be formed
as and when required.
The voltages of concern are:
a) 33 KV sub-transmission line,
b) ll KV Primary distribution line
c) 415-240Volts Secondary distribution line

Survey of the Proposed

Route of Line
The first step to be taken prior to the design or
construction of any line is to conduct reconnisiance
survey of the country over which the line is to pass.
Topo sheet map of the area which would indicate
towns roads, streams/river, hills, railway lines,
bridges, forest areas, telephones telegraph and power
lines may be taken and the approximate route of the
line marked on it. Before finalising the route, the
following parameters should be kept in mind:
1. The shortest route practicable.
2. As close as possible to the road for easy
maintenance and approach during the construction.
3. Route in direction of possible future load.
4. Angle points should be less.

The areas to be avoided as far as

possible are:
(a) Rough and difficult country side.
(b) Urban Development area.
(c) Restricted access for transport
vehicles.
(d) Abrupt changes in line routes.
(e) Difficult crossing - river, railway.
(f) Proximity to aerodromes.
(g) Natural hazards like steep valleys, hills,
lakes, gardens, forests, playgrounds, etc.

The route selected for a distribution line shall be

such that it will give the lowest cost
considered over a period of years, consistent with
accessibility for easy maintenance, etc. This
includes many considerations such as original
cost, tree trimming and compensation, freedom
from vehicular damages future development and
availability for services.
The lines should be routed wherever possible to
avoid natural obstacle such as steep hills or
valleys', swamps, lakes, thick forests, rivers, etc.
Lines should be so located at a safe distance from
buildings and from possible fire, proximity to
traffic and other hazards. Line shall not cross
school play grounds, cemetery, except under
special circumstances. Lines should be away from
the buildings containing explosives.

Transportation contributes a major portion of

construction cost. As such while finalising the route
alignment, it may be ensured that due to
transportation cost should be as low as possible.
Transport of RCC/PCC poles pose greater problem as
they are generally heavier than other types of
supports for same duty. The RCC/PCC poles are
generally stronger on the longer axis than on shorter
axis. Care should be taken on this aspect while
handling, to prevent excessive stressing of the pole
at the time of transporting. The unloading of poles
from truck or trailer should also be done carefully.
Suitable skid boards must be used and on no
account, the poles be dropped. Several utilities have
special trucks made with side loading arrangement
for pole transportation or use trailers. It is preferably
to provide a chain pulley block with a beam
arrangement in the middle of the truck body to
facilitate unloading/loading of poles. The poles should
not be dragged on rough surface, but transported in
small hand-cart

Detailed Survey
(a) Preliminary Walk Over survey
(b) Detailed survey

Having provisionally fixed the route, on the survey

map, a preliminary Walk Over survey is carried out,
before conducting the survey with ranging rods. As
far as possible, the line route is taken through areas
with minimum tree growth. If there are alternative
routes, all such routes are investigated for final
evaluation of the most economic route.
It may be mentioned here that the detailed survey
can be carried out by theodolite and angle points can
be fixed and marked with survey stones. A route map
to a scale of 1 cm 0.5 km can be prepared showing
the various angles approach roads, near the line,
routes detail of railways, communication lines, EHT
line crossing, river crossing,, etc. but this is not
necessary in case of small lines as the local staff
usually is conversant with the topography and
therefore marking of locations aligning the line with
ranging rods is found to be satisfactory.

Right of Way
(a) Once the route of the line is fixed approval has

to be obtained,

From the railway authorities for Railway

Crossings.

From the competent Forest Authorities for

routing of the line in Forest areas.

From the State level Power Tele-communication

Coordination Committee (PTCC).
(b) In addition if there are urban development Airport and similar other areas falling in the route
of the line, permission has to be obtained.
( c) Sometimes private gardens/orchards may fall on
the route and require free cutting. The details of
trees are to be marked. Compensation be got
fixed from Revenue Authorities and paid to the
owner

Pole Locations

In locating poles on lines, the following general principles are

to be kept in mind
1. Keep spans uniform in length as far as possible.
2. Locate to have horizontal grade
3. By locating the poles on high places short poles can be
used and will maintain proper ground clearance at the
middle of the span. In extremely hilly or mountainous
country, poles are located on ridges thereby increasing the
spans without greatly increasing the pull on the conductor.
This is possible because the sag can be made very large
maintaining the required ground clearance.
4. Poles should not be placed along the edges of cuts or
embankment or along the banks of creeks of streams
5. Cut-point for a section could be at 1.6 km length (except in
special cases), where Double-pole structures are to be
provided to take tension of the conductors. It may have
been already estimated that 10 supports (locations) are
mostly required in one km. length of H.T. lines and 15
supports for L.T. line

Construction
The construction activity of H.T. lines may b& divided as follows
(1) Pit marking, pit digging.
(2) Erection of supports and concreting.
(3) Providing of guys to supports.
(4) Mounting cross-arms, phi and insulators, and pin binding.
(5) Paying and stringing of the conductor.
.
(6) Jointing of conductors.
(7) Sagging and tensioning of conductors.
(8) Crossings.
(9) Guardings.
(10) Earthings.
(11) Testing and commissioning
For low tension lines the activities could be followed, with
simplified procedure.

Pit Marking and Digging

Procedure

After surveying, the pole location should be marked

with the peg. The pits should not be too large than
necessary, as otherwise, after erection of the 'pole
and filing there remains a possibility of tilting of
pole. For marking the pits, the dimensions of the pit
and the centre to centre distance of pits are
required. Pits having a dimension of about 1.2 m x
0.6 m should be excavated with its longer axis in
the direction of the line. The planting depth should
be about
1/6 length of the support (1500 mm). Excavation is
generally done by using pickaxe crow bars,
and shovel, very hard or rocky soil may require
blasting of rock by small charges of gun
power, etc.

Erection of Poles and

Concreting

After excavation of pits is completed, the supports/ poles to be

erected may be brought to the pit location by manual labour or
by cart. Then the pole may be erected inside the pit.
Erection of poles can be done by using Bipod/ wooden horse
made of 15 cm G.I pipe and 6 m long. The spread of the legs
should be 10m. The tie wire for attachment of bipod to the pole
is about 6 m long and is made of 7/10 SWG. (3.15 mm) Stay
wire and this wire should be attached to the pole at 8 m. The
pole is slid along the line route. The pole is tied with 3
ropes.The rope at the bottom prevents the pole from being
dragged in the direction of the pull. To prevent the support
from moving side in raising, two guy ropes are fixed on both
sides and attached to temporary anchor.
For smooth sliding and prefect placement of pole in the pit, an
inclined trench having15.2 cm (6 in.) width and 10.2 cm (4 in.)
length may be dug adjacent to the pit as shown below.
A piece of M.S. channel may be placed in the inclined position
at the other end of the pit for enabling the pole to slip smooth
inside the pit. The following figure shows the procedure for
erection of pole.

The trench would facilitate the pole to skid

smoothly into the pit with jerks.

Pully

V3 from top of bipod

'

' --

"'

;ff y.|"V"J'.""'

The bipod is placed in position and attached to the pole

by means of tie wire. The pull for lifting the poles is
provided by rope pulley. When the pole has reached at
an angle of (35 to 40) the bottom holding rope is
slowly released. When the pole assumes the vertical
position, the holding ropes should be tightened.
It should be ensured that the time of erection, four
men are at the ropes and the supervisor should be at a
distance for guiding correct position so that hi the
event of breaking of rope, if pole falls, it will not result
into an accident.
Before the pole is put into RCC padding or
alternatively suitable base plate may be . given below
the pole to increase the surface contact between the
poles and the soil. The padding will distribute the
density of the pressure due to weight of the pole on the
soil.
Having lifted the pole the same should be kept in
vertical position with the help of manila rope of 20/25
mm dia., using the rope as a temporary anchor. As the
poles are being erected say from an anchor point to the
next angle point, the alignment of the poles should De
checked and set right by visual check. The vertical ties
of the poles are to be checked with a spirit level. After
the pole erection has been completed, and having
satisfied that the verticality and alignments are all
right, earth filling and ramming is to be done.
In swamp and special locations, before earth filling, the
poles are to be concreted up to the ground level of the
pit.
After poles have been set, the temporary anchors are
to be removed.

Erection of DP Structure for

Angle Locations

For angles of deviations more than 10, DP structure

may be erected. The pit digging should be done
along the bisection of angle of deviation.
After the poles are erected, the horizontal/cross
bracing should be fitted and the supports held hi a
vertical position with the help of temporary guys of
Manila rope 20/25 mm dial
Ensuring that the poles are held in vertical position
(by spirit level) the concreting of poles with 1:3:6
ratio may be done from bottom of the support to the
ground level. Before lifting the pole in the pit,
concrete padding of not less than 75 mm thickness
may be put up for the distribution of the loads of the
support ojn the soil or anchor plate could be used. .

Concreting

The concreting mixture 1:3:6 ratio,

would mean 12.8 bags of cement 100 Cft
of 1 1/2 size gitti and 50 Cft of sand. It
may be .noted that while preparing the
concrete mixture large quantities of
water should not be used as this would
wash away cement and sand

33 KV Line
(i)

Provision at D.P. locations is for 6 guy-sets (20 mm Rod of

turn-buckle x 7/4 stay-wire, 8.5 kg in wt for each location).
The quantity of concrete at the rate of 0.5 cum for D.P.
locations and 0.3 cum for stay sets is 2.8 cum, irrespective
whether D.P. locations are of P.C.C. poles or Rail pole.

(ii) Provision for 8 tangent locations in a section of 1 km is for 3

Guy-sets. These will require 0.9 cmt of concrete @ 0.3 cum
per Guy-set. A prefabricated base plate is to be provided at
the bottom of the P .C.C. support for uniform distribution of
load. If this is not provided then provision at the rate
OX)5.cm_of concrete per location for 8 locations should be
made for casting the base-pad before erection of the P.C.C.
support. Thus the total quantity of concrete required is 1.3
cum. Tangent locations are not concreted in several states
but boulder 1 filling is carried out to economies. If P.C.C. pole
tangent locations are to be concreted additional provision for
concrete quantity is to be made. However Rail pole or joist
tangent locations (if Rails or joists are used) should be
concreted. Provision for tangent location's concreting is to be
at the rate of 0.5 cum per location

llkVLine

The guys are made with 7/3.15 stay wire (5.5 kg)
turnbuckle rod is of 16 mm dia. 6 Guy-sets are
required at D.P. locations and 4 additional Guysets are required in a km for 8 tangent-locations.
The quantity of concrete for Guy-sets is provided
at the rate of 0.2 cum per Guy-set. D.P. locations
of P.C.C. poles require 0.3 cum concrete per
location. Boulder filling of tangent locations could
be adopted. If concreting is done for tangent
locations additional provision at the rate of 0.3
cum per location should be made. Base-pad is to
be used if not additional provision for base^pad
concreting should be made

LTLine

15 locations are there in 1 km. Provision

for 9 guy-sets is made with 7/3.15 staywire (5.5 kg), the turn-buckle M.S. rod is
of 16 mm dia. concrete quantity at the
rate of 0.2 cmt per stay-set should be
provided. Base pad should be used if not
additional provision for base padconcreting is to be made,

Providing of Guys to Supports

In spite of careful planning and alignment of line route,
certain situations arise where the conductor tries to tilt the
pole from its normal position due to abnormal wind pressure
and deviation of alignment, etc. When these cases of strain
arise, the pole is strengthened and kept in position by guys.
One or more guys will have to be provided for all support
where there is unbalanced strain acting on the support, which
may result in tilting/uprooting or breaking of the support.
Guy brackets or clamps are fastened to the pole. The most
commonly used form of guy is anchor guy. These guys are
provided at (i) angle locations (ii) dead end locations (iii) tee
off points (iv) steep gradient locations and (v) where the wind
pressure is more than 50 kg sq. m.
The fixing of guys stays will involve (i) pit digging and fixing
stay rod (ii) fastening guy wire to the support (iii) Tightening
guy wire and fastening to the anchor. The marking of guy pit,
digging and setting of anchor rod must be carefully carried
out. The stay rod should be placed in a position so that the
angle of rod with the vertical face of the pit is 30/ 45 as the
case may be.

G.I. stay wires of size 7/3.15 mm (10 SWG) or 7/2.5

mm (SWG 12), and 16 mm 720 mm stay rods are to
be provided. For double pole structure (DP), four
stays along the bisectional the each direction and two
stays along the bisection of the angle of deviation or
as required depending on the angle of deviation are
to be provided.
After concreting back filing and ramming must be
done well and allowed 7 days to set. The free end of
the guy wire /stay wire is passed though the eye of
the anchor rod, bent back parallel to the main portion
of the stay/guy and bound after inserting, the G.I.
thimble, where it bears on the anchor rod. If the guy
wire proves to be hazardous, it should be protected
with suitable asbestos pipe filled with concrete of
about 2 m length above the ground level, painted
with white and black strips so that, it may be visible
at night. The turn buckle shall be mounted at the pole
end of the stay guy wire so fixed that the turn buckle
is half way in the working position, thus giving the
maximum movement for tightening or loosening.

Guy Strain Insulators

Guy insulators are placed to prevent the lower part

of
the
Guy
from
becoming
electrically
energised by a contact of the upper part of the guy
when the conductor snaps and falls on them or
due to leakage. No guy insulator shall be located
less than 3.50 mm (vertical distance) from the
ground. ,
A type of insulators are to be used for L.T. Line-Guys
One C type of insulator is to be used for ll KV Guys
Two C type of insulators are to be used for 33 kV.

Fixing of Cross-Anns & Topbrackets

After the erection of supports and providing guys,

the cross-arms and top-brackets are to be
mounted on the support with necessary clamps
bolts and nuts. The practice of fixing the crossarms brackets before the pole erection is also
there. In case, these cross are to be mounted after
the pole is erected, the lineman should climb the
pole with necessary tools. The cross-arm is then
tied to,a hand line and pulled up bytthe ground
man through a pulley, till the cross-arm reaches
the line man. The ground man should station
himself on one side, so that if any material drops
from the top of the pole, it may not strike him. All
the materials should be lifted or lowered through
the hand line, and should not be dropped.

Insulators and Bindings

Line conductors are electrically insulated
from each other as well as from the pole
or tower by non-conductors, which we
call 'Insulators'.
There are 3 types of porcelain insulator:
1. Pin type
2. Strain type
3. Shackle type

The pin type insulators are generally used for

straight stretch of line. The insulator and its r.. pin
should be mechanically strong enough to withstand
the resultant force due to combined effect , of wind
pressure and weight of the conductor in the span.
The strain insulators are used at terminal locations or
dead end locations and where the angle of deviation
of line is more than 10.
The shackle type of insulators is used for LT. lines.
The pins for insulators are fixed in the holes provided
in the cross-arms and the pole top brackets. The
insulators are mounted in their places over the pins
and tightened. In the case of strain or angle
supports, where strain fittings are provided for this
purpose, one strap of the strain fittings is placed
over the cross-arm before placing the bolt in the hole
of cross-arms. The nut of the straps is so tightened
that the strap can move freely in horizontal direction.

Tying of Conductor on Pin

Insulators

Conductors should occupy such a position on the

insulator as will produce minimum strain on the tie
wire. The function of the wire is only to hold the
conductor, in place on the insulator, leaving the
insulator and pin to take the strain of the conductor.
In straight line, the best practice is to use a top
groove insulator. These insulators will carry grooves
on the side as well. When the conductor is placed on
the top groove, the tie wire serves only to keep the
conductor from slipping out.
On corners and angles (below 5 deviation) the
conductor should be placed on the outside of the
insulators. On the far side of the pole, this pulls the
conductor against the insulators instead of away
from the insulator.,

Kind and Size of Tie Wire to

be used

In general the tie wire should be the same kind

of wire as the line wire i.e., aluminium tie
wire should be used with aluminium line
conductor. The tie should always be made of
soft
annealed wire so that it may not be brittle and
injure the line conductor. A tie wire should never
be used for second time. Good practice is to use
no. '6' tie wires for line conductor, (i) The length
of the wire varies from 1 m for simple tie of a
small insulators (Lt pin insulators) to 3 m (33 pin
insulators)

Rule of Good Tying

Practice
(i)
Use only fully annealed tie wire.
(ii) Use that size of tie wire which can be readily handled yet
one which will provide adequate strength.
(iii) Use length of tie wire sufficient for making the complete
tie, including an end allowance for gripping with the hands.
The extra length should be cut from end if
the tie is completed.
(iv) A good tie should
(a) Provide a secure binding between line wire insulators
and tie wire.
(b) Have positive contacts between the line wire and the tie
wire so as to avoid shifting contacts.
(c) Reinforce line wire if the vicinity of insulator.
(v) Avoid use of pliers.
(vi) Do net use the wire which has been previously used.
(vii) Do not use hard drawn wires for tying.
Good helical accessories are available and can be used

Conductor Erection Paving and Jointing

Conductor erection is the most important

construction. The main operations are :
(a) Transportation of conductor to works site.
(b) Paying and stringing of conductor.
(c) Joining of conductor.
(d) Tensioning and sagging of conductor.

phase

in

The conductor drums are transported to the tension

location. While transporting precautions are to be taken so
that the conductor does not get damaged/injured. The drum
could be mounted on cable .drum support, which generally
is made from crow-bar and wooden slippers for small size
conductor drums. The direction of rotation of the drum has
to be according to the mark in the drum so that the
conductor could be drawn. While drawing the conductor, it
should not rub causing damage. The conductor could be
passed over poles on wooden or aluminium snatch block
mounted on the poles for this purpose.

The mid span jointing is done through compression crimping or if

helical fittings are used the jointing could be done manually.
After completing the jointing, tensioning operation could be
commenced. The conductor is pulled through come-along clamps
to stringing the conductor between the tension locations.
Sagging of conductor has to be in accordance to the Sag Tension
chart. In order to achieve it, it is preferred to pull the conductor
to a tension a little above the theoretical value so that while
transferring it from the snatch blocks to the, pit insulators and to
take care of temperature variation proper sag could be achieved.
Sagging for 33/11 kV line is mostly done by "Sighting". A
horizontal strip of wood is fixed below the cross-arm on the pole
at the required sag. The lineman sees from other end and the
sag is adjusted by increasing or decreasing the tension. The
tension clamps could then be finally fixed and conductor be fixed
onpin-insulators. All fittings, accessories like guys, cross-arms,
etc.,
could
be
checked
as
they
should not have deformalities.

Sagging and Tensioning

The conductor length in a section increases or decreases with

variation in atmospheric temperature. In summer when
temperature is high the length increases due to expansion and in
winter, when the temperature is low the length decreases due to
contraction. With increase in length, the conductor becomes
loose, sag increases and tension reduces, while in winter the sag
decreases, tension increases. The conductor has to be properly
keeping the required sag at the strung atmospheric temperature.
It is known that sag d = WI2/2T where I is half the span length, T
is-tension in the
conductor and W = V(w2+ww2), w is the weight of the unit length
of the conductor acting
vertically and ww is wind-pressure on the unit length of the
conductor acting horizontally. If we
design. The line for 75 kg/m2 wind-zonethen wind load on 1 m
length of the conductor and 2/3
projected Dia (Din mm) of the conductor
^
= [(2/3)x75]x(D/100)xlkg

The line has to be designed to withstand the above load as

postulated by the I.E. Regulations. Hence it becomes
necessary to calculate the tension and sag under conditions
occurring at the time of erection. In practice the conductors
are hung over Aluminium rollers and pulled up through ropes
over snatch blocks for the required sag or tension and then
transferred to the insulators. The tension is not measured as
it requires elaborate arrangements and difficult to measure it
accurately, the sag is only measured.

There are two important factors which vary the sag and
tension : (i) Elasticity of the conductor and (ii) Temperature.
Sag is directly proportional to Wand inversely proportional to
T. If the length of the conductor increases due to temperature
increase then sag will increase. This may be the case in
summer, while it may be reverse in winter. The tension
accordingly decreases or increases.

In order that the sag and tension values under varied working
conditions may be kept according to the regulations, SagTension charts are prepared for different spans and
temperatures for ACSR, AAAC & AAC conductor.

Special Crossings
(A) In case the lines cross-over the other lines or buildings, safe
minimum clearances are to be maintained as per IE Regulations.
The clearances have been tabulated for this purpose under design
aspects. These clearances should be maintained. The crossings
could be for j
(i) Telephone/telegraph lines.
(ii) Buildings..
(w) Lines of other voltages.
(iv) Roads, streets, other than Roads/Streets.
(B) River Crossing: Data for the highest flood-level should be obtained
'for previous years. For medium voltage minimum clearance of 3 m
be kept over the highest floor level. Double pole or 4 pole structure
would be required to be specially designed, depending upon the
span and conductor size for the river crossing. The structures
should be located at such places that they could be approached
under flood condition, also. The foundation of structures should be
sound so that it may not get eroded or damaged due to rain water

Guarding

Guarding is an arrangement provided for the lines, by

which a live conductor, when accidentally broken, is
prevented to come in contact with other electric lines,
telephone or telegraph lines, railway lines, roads, and
persons or animals and carriages moving along the
railway line or road, by providing a sort of cradle below
the main electric line. Immediately after a live conductor
breaks it first touches this cradle guard of G.I. wires
before going down further. This, in turn, trips the circuit
breakers or H.T7L.T. fuses provided for the H.T7L.T. lines,
and the electric power in the conductor or the line is cut
off, and danger to any living object is averted.
Guarding is not required for crossings of 66 kV and
higher voltage lines where the transmission line is
protected by fast acting, relay operated circuit breaker
of modern design with a tripping time of even less than
the order of 0.25 sec. from occurrence of fault to its
clearance. For all other crossings, nice Railway Telecommunication lines and major road crossing guarding is
essential

The minimum height between any guard wire and

live crossing conductor shall not be less than 1 .5 m
in case of a railway crossing.
The guarding consists of 2 G.I., bearer wires strung
between the two line supports, and G.I. Crosslacings connecting two-bearer wires at definite
intervals. The bearer fixed to the guarding crossarms on the line supports by means of threaded
eyebolts for proper tightening. In minor L.T. Lines,
only two guard-stirrups 600 mm long on either side
are
normally
used
with
single G-.I. wire cross-lacing on either side, as a
measure of economy. Due to electrification of
railway-tracks nowadays, 1 1 kV & L.T. crossings
have to be through under-ground cables.

Earthing

1
2.
3
4
5

Earthing shall generally be carried out in accordance with the

requirements of Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 and the relevant
regulations of the Electricity Supply Authority concerned and as
indicated below:
All metallic supports shall be earthed.
For RCC/PCC poles the metal cross-arms and insulator pins shall be
bonded and 5
earthed at every pole for HT lines and at every
5th pole for L T lines.
All special structures on which switches, transformers, fuses, etc.,
are mounted should be earthed.
The supports on either side of the road, railway or river crossing
should be earthed.
All supports (metal, RCC/PCC) of "both HT and L T lines passing
through inhabited areas, road crossings and along such other
places, where earthing of all poles is considered desirable from
safety considerations should be earthed.
In special locations, railway and telegraph line crossings, special
structures, etc., pipe/rod earthing should be done.
At other locations the coil earthing may be adopted. The coil
earthing consists of 10m length of 8 SWG. G.I. wire compressed into
a coil 450 mm length and 50 mm dia and buried 1500 mm deep.

Anti-climbing Devices

In order to prevent unauthorised persons

from climbing any of the supports of HT
& L T lines without the aid of a ladder or
special appliances, certain anti-climbing
devices are provided to the supports.
Two methods generally adopted are (i)
barbed wire binding, for a distance of 30
to 40 cm a height of 3.5 to 4 m from
ground level, (ii) clamps with protruding
spikes at a height of 3 to 4m.

Testing and Commissioning

When the line is ready for energisation, jt should.be

thoroughly inspected in respect ofthe following.

Poles-Proper alignment, concerting and muffing.

2. Cross-arms-Proper alignment.
3. Binding, clamps and junipers - To check whether these are
hi reach.
4 Conductor and ground wire - Proper sag and to check
whether there are any cuts, etc.
5 Guys : To check whether the Guy wire is tight and whether
the Guy insulators are hi
6. Earthing System: To check whether the earthing
connections of supports and fittings are intact. Measure
earth resistance with earth tester.
1.

After the visual inspection is over and satisfied, the

conductor is tested for continuity/ ground, by means of
megger. At the time of testing through megger person
should not climb on the pole or touch the guarding,
conductor, guy wire etc.
(1) Before charging any new line, it should be ensured that the
required inspection fee for the new line is paid to the
Electrical Inspector and approval obtained from him for
charging the line.
(2) The line should be energised before the authorised officer.
(3) Before energising any new line, the officer-in-charge of the
line shall notify to the workmen that the line is being
energised and that it will no longer be safe to work on line.
Acknowledgement of all the workmen hi writing should be
taken in token of having intimated them.
(4) Wide publicity by Tom-toming should be arranged hi all the
localities through which the line, that is to be energised
passes, intimating the time and date of energising and
warning public against the risk hi meddling with the line.
(5) The Officer-in-Charge of the line shall personally satisfy
himself that the same is in a fit state to be energised.

Functional Responsibility

A model for functional responsibility is

attached for Divisions/Sub Divisions /
individuals. This could be drawn on the
basis
of
responsibility
by
the
organisation (Department).

Sl.
No

Particular of Works

Sub Division

Division

Constn Gang
Head

AE (CSD)

EE ( O & M)

EE ST/RE (Const)

Preparation and sanction of estimate

Issue of Work Order

Survey and routing

Supervision

Forest Clearance

PTCC Approval

Marking of pole location

Supervision

Identity of materials

Supervision

Material lifting

Supervision

Entry of materials received in register

Checking

10

Shifting of material to the site

Supervision

11

Pit digging and pole erection

Supervision

Sample Check

12

Fixing of V cross arm top clamp and DC cross arm

Supervision

Sample Check

13

Fixing of insulators

Supervision

Sample Check

14

Fixing of stays /Guays

Supervision

Sample Check

15

Stringing of conductor

Supervision

Sample Check

16

Fastening of conductor with insulators

Supervision

Sample Check

17

Guardining at crossing

Supervision

Sample Check

18

Fixing of danger Board

Supervision

Sample Check

19

Pole painting and numbering

Supervision

Sample Check

20

Fixing of anticlimbing device

Supervision

Sample Check

21

Connecton of earth

Supervision

Sample Check

22

Test charge of the line

Supervision

Sample Check

23

Preparation of completion report

Supervision

Sample Check

24

Handling over to O &M

Supervision

Sample Check

Sl. No

Particular of Works

Sub Division

Division

Constn Gang Head

AE (CSD)

EE ( O & M)

EE ST/RE (Const)
-

Preparation, Sanction of estimate

Issue of work order

Survey and routing

Supervision

Marking of pole location

Supervision

Identity of materials

Sample check

Lifting of material

Supervision

Entry of materials to the site

check

Shifting of materials to the site

supervision

Pit digging and pole erection

Supervision

Sample check

10

Fixing of LT cross arm with shackle

insulators and earth

Supervision

Sample check

11

Fixing of stays /Guys

Supervision

Sample check

12

Stringing of conductor

Supervision

Sample check

13

Fastening of conductor with insulators

Supervision

Sample check

14

Guardining at crossing

Supervision

Sample check

15

Fixing of danger board

Supervision

Sample check

16

Pole painting and numbering

Supervision

Sample check

17

Earth connection

Supervision

Sample check

18

Test charge of the line

Sample check

19

Preparation or completion report

Sample check

20

Handing over to ( O & M)

checking

Sample check
Sample check

REC has standardized the following sizes and types of supports for
11 KV and LT lines

Type

Length

Voltage

Max Spn

Type of

With or
without
earth wire

PCC

7.5 Mt

11 KV

107

Triangular

Without
earth wire

PCC

8.0 Mt

11 KV

107

Triangular

With
earthwire

PCC

7.5 Mt

415/240 V

107

Horizantal

With
earthwire

PCC

8.0 Mt

415/240 V

67

Vertical

With
earthwire

Stringing of the Line conductor

REC has standardized the following sizes of conductors for 33 KV, 11 KV and LT lines

Voltage Class
33 KV Lines

11 KV Lines

LT Lines

No. and Diameter of wire

Type of conductor

i) 7/3 .35 mm (50 mm2) Al

ACSR

ii) 7/4.09 mm (80 mm2) Al

ACSR

iii) 6/4.72 mm + 7/1.57 mm (100

mm2)

ACSR

i) 7/2.11 mm( 20 mm2)

ACSR

ii) 7/2.59 mm (30 mm2)

ACSR

iii) 7/3.35 mm (50 mm2)

ACSR

i) 7/2.11 mm ( 20 mm2)

ACSR

ii) 7/2.59 mm (30 mm2)

ACSR

iii) 7/3.35 mm ( 50 mm2)

ACSR

iv) 7/2.21mm (25 mm2)

AAC

v) 7/3.10 mm (50 mm2)

AAC

COIL EARTHING
Earthing Spiral

Bentonite power

PIPE/ROD EARTHING

COIL EARTHING
Earthing Spiral

Bentonite power

PIPE/ROD EARTHING

Construction Standard
F-5

EARTHING ARRANGEMENT
Transformer Body /AB
Handle /Earth
Terminal of Pole

6500mm

J2
Neutral

Note:

The connections To The Three_earth

Electrodes Should Be As Follows;
(a).To one of The Earth Electrodes On
Either Side Of Double Pole Structure
(X OR Y)
J2
(1).One Direct Connection From Three
11Kv Lightning Arresters.
(11).Another Direct Connection From The
6500mm
L.T Lightning Arresters, If Provided
(b).To Each Of The Remaining Two Earth
Electrodes.
(1). One Separate Connection From The
Neutral (On The Medium Voltage Side
2400mm
) Of The Transformer
(11). One Separate Connection From
J2
The Transformer.
(111) One Separate Connection From
HV/LV
6500mm
The
Lightening
Earthing Terminal Of The pole
arresters
2. 4mm (8Swg)G.I.Wire Should Be Used
For Earth Leads.
Distribution
All Dimensions in mm

11KV /433-250V
Substation
Location Of Earth Pits And
Connections

1.

33KV and 11KV Line Maintenance

Required to minimize interruptions and improve efficiency of power
supply.
OH lines be inspected periodically for maintenance purpose to detect
any fault & repairs should be programmed.
OH lines be patrolled periodically at intervals (say 1month) at ground
level while line is live.
Pre mansoon inspection should be programmed before mansoon.
Nature of faultsloose sags, snapping of conductors, tree branches touching line
conductors, tilting of cross arms, insulator failures (puncture) etc

1.Generation
2.Transmission
3.Sub transmission
4.Distribution

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.

Power Station Stepup Sub Station

Primary transmission line
Grid Sub Station
Secondary transmission line
HV Sub Station Primary Distribution
line
Primary Distribution Line
Distribution transformer Station
Secondary Distribution Lines

Classification of Distribution
System

Type of Electric System -> AC or DC ; if

AC single Phase or Polyphase
Type of Delivery System-> Radial, loop
or network; Radial Systems include
duplicate or throw over systems
Type of construction: over load or
underground

Principal features desired ->

Safety, smooth and Even flow of Power ;
Economy,
Primary Distribution.
Secondary Distribution.

There are three different ways

through which the primary
distribution lines can be laid
1.
2.
3.

The radial Primary circuit

The loop primary circuit
The ring main system

When power in supplied to the consumers

through the secondary distribution
system one of the following
arrangements used

1.Radial System
2.Looped System
3.Net work system

The main purpose of

planning is
1.

2.

to make the system economical while

conforming to electricity rules of the
country/state.
to minimize looses and maintain
regulations within the permissible
limits

For proper planning of a distribution system

load survey and load fore casting of area are
necessary.
In planning of an electrical distribution
system it is necessary to know three basic
things.

The quanitity of the product or service desired

( per unit of time)
The quality of the Product or service desired
The location of the market and the individual
consumers.

Connecting loads.
Lighting loads
Power loads
Heating loads
Electronic loads
Consumer factors.
Maximum Demand
Demand factor
Load factor
Diversity factor
Utilization factor
Power factor

Over Head Lines:

The rules have seen framed for

Safety
Providing quality service to the people
to lay down technical parameters and
specifications of materials to follow
standards in construction, installation
protection, operation & maintence.
to follow laid down principles &
procedures with accountability to people.

The main features fo O.H lines

in the rules are
Supports
Factor of safety 2 to
3.5
Conductors
Factor of safety 2.0
Stay wires, Guard & Bearer wires - 2.5
Wind load - 50 to 100 Kgs/m2 ( 150
Kg/m2)

a)Ground clearances
Across Street

Along Street Else where

i) up to 650V

5.791 mt

5.486 mt

4.572 mt

ii) 650 V to 33 KV

6.096 mt

5.791 mts

5.182 mt

Vertical clearances above

buildings

Horizontal clearances

i) up to 650V

2.439 mt ( 8ft)

1.219 mt( 4 ft)

ii) 650 V to 33 KV

3.64 mt (12ft)

1.82 mt ( 6ft)

Temperatures
Voltage Regulation
Frequency Variation
Maximum clearance between supports
Earthing
Lightning Protection
Insulator & Insulator fittings
Protection.

Planning the 33/11 KV Sub

Station
Involves the following Steps:
1.
Tentative location based on available
data of the 11 KV Network
2.
Capacity of the Sub Station
3.
Selection of site

Orientation of the Sub Station

Planning of the Sub Station

Main equipments of Sub Station

are
Structures
2.Power Transformers
3.
A) Circuit Breakers
B) HT fuse (HG Fuses)
4.Isolating Switches (Isolators)
5.Bus Bar arrangements
6.Insulators
7.Lightening arrestors
8.Instrument transformers
a) Current transformers
b) Potential transformers
9.Control and relay panels with relays, meters etc.,
10.Battery and Battery chargers
11.Cables
i) Power Cables
ii) Control Cables
1.

12.Earthing

arrangement
13.Station Transformer
14.Control room
15.Communication Equipment
16.Fencing, Retaining wall
17.Illumination, firefighting equipment, quarter

BASIC CONCEPT OF PLANNING

Awareness of the causes and their effects itself
would reduce the system irregularities to
some extent. All these difficulties ultimately
lead to a low voltage profile in the system.
The poor voltage profile causes loss of
equipments and energy. Thus, maintenance
of the voltage profile to keep the consumer
voltage at the declared level allowing the
deviation within the permissible limits would
keep the losses at control. The consumer
voltage may be kept at the desired level by
controlling one or more of the following
variable on which it is dependent

1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.
9.
10.

The voltage received at the grid sub-station

The range of tap changing gear available with the power
transformers at the grid sub-station
The percentage impedance of the power transformer at the grid
sub-station
The voltage drop in the sub-transmission line (33 K.V. or 66 K.V.
lines)
Tap available with the transformer at the primary distribution substation (PDS)
The percentage impedance of the transformer at the PDS vii) vii)
The voltage drop in the primary transformers feeders
The percentage impedance of the secondary distribution
transformers and taps available with them
The voltage drop in the secondary distribution feeders
The voltage drop in the joints
Voltage regulators/booster and/or capacitors installed in the system

GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING

The following guidelines may be
followed while planning secondary
distribution system expansion or new:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Study the area carefully and estimate the load

densities, present and future.
Select the transformer size and conductor size
from the result of the optimization studies with
due consideration for the existing sizes.
Estimate the present status of the system with
respect of voltage regulation and losses
Estimate the optimal length of the feeders and
the optimal loading limit.
Mark the feed area for each secondary
distribution sub-station
Determine the load centre

7 In the case of the existing distribution system, if

the transformer is not in the load centre, follow
the following procedure:

Check the length of the feeders from the load centre to

the far-end points and compare with the optimal lengths.
If the length is more than the optimal ones, do not try to
shift the transformer to the load centre
Taking the optimal feeder length into consideration,
divide the area into different feed area zones .
Determine the load centre of the different load Feed area
zones, following the procedure suggested in appendix.
If the existing location of the transformer does not fall
into one of these centres, then shift die transformer to
the nearest centre and provide new transformers at the
other centres.
Modify the feeder layouts, keeping them as straight as
possible and the lengths within optimal limits

Operating instructions shall

contain:
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

The designation of all the officers concerned to be

intimated in the event of abnormal situation of any
equipment /line and their telephone numbers.
General duties of the operator, the various checks
he has to perform on various equipment in shift.
Telephone number, and addresses of 'Fire'
'Ambulance1 'Hospitals' in addition to the telephone
number of all officers.
Single line layout of sub-station route map of each
feeder indicating cut points, roads, crossing etc.,
Detailed break down operations of lines.

Example of Operation Instruction of

Lines/Equipments
CASE I
00.00
00.01

11 KV FEEDER

11 KV Feeder 'A' Trips note relay indications; Reset

Charge the Feeder
If OK, supply is restored temporary fault
is cleared If trips, note Line relay indications, reset
00.03 Charge the Feeder,

If OK, Temporary fault is cleared supply is restored,

If trips, note the relay indications and reset

Examine the switch yard for any visible fault, If no fault is noticed,
open line isolator.
00.04. Charge lne OCB if OK, Trip the OCB,

Close the line isolator charge the feeder.

If OK Temporary fault is cleared, supply is 2: restored if trips, note

the relay indication & declare the feeder faulty. Inform all the

officers concerned.

if the breaker trips at the time of test charging

the same, inform maintenance staff. In case, if at any time of test

charging the feeder, the power transformer H.V. L.V. or group
control or incoming trips, declare the feeder faulty

CASE II
33 KV feeder breaker (p) Trips at 132 KV sub station 'M'
00.01 Note the relay indications, reset, charge the feeder, If OK supply is
restored.
If trips note relay indications, reset
00.03 Charge the feeder If OK supply is restored If Trips note relay
indication, open line isolator.
00.08 Charge the OCB, If trips, inform maintenance personnel for
rectification If OK, hand trip the OCB close line isolator charge the
feeder. If OK supply is restored, if trips proceed as

follows:

Contact Station 'A'

Ask the operator to open incoming isolator and 33 KV out going line
isolator Ask him to examine the switch yard and report.

If OK ask operator at 'A' to restore supply to the station 'A' and inform,
If at the time of charging any 11 KV feeder at station 'A' of the 33 KV

breaker 'P1 trips, isolate the 11 KV feeder, restore normalcy. If

operator 'A' confirms that station 'A1 is normal, contact station 'B'
operator, Ask him if the switch yard is normal. Ask him to open in-.
coming 33 KV line isolator after 'B'-l is opened hand trip 'P' ask
operator at 'A' to close outgoing isolator A-2.

Charge the feeder.

If OK supply is restored

If trips, declare 33 KV line between ASB is faulty

00.00

CASE III
Power Transformer Trips on

(A) Winding Temperature

(B) Bucholtz Relay
(C) Differential Relay
(D) O/L Relay

A WINDING TEMPARATURE :
Note the winding temperature is more than the set temperature?
If so, is the transformer overloaded? If sot
reduce the load on the transformer.
.Are the cooler fans, oil pumps functioning satisfactorily?
Is fuse blown out in Fan/Pump? If so, rectify.
Ts there any shortive between the contacts of
winding temperature relay due to vermin or ingress 'of moisture, if
so take remedial action.
B Bucholtz Relay:
Isolate the power transformer check bucholtz relay, is there any gas
collected, if so arrange for testing. If not check any shorting of the
contacts Megger the power transformer close HV/LV breakers. If OK
hand trip, inform maintenance personnel for check up
C Differential Relay
Isolate the power transformer inform maintenance personnel for
detailed check
D O/L Relay.
Check if any feeder relays indication is received without the feeder
breaker tripping isolate the feeder. Check the yard. If ok check is
power transformer is overloaded.

GUIDELINES FOR
ERECTION OF
EQUIPMENT IN THE SUB
STATIONS

Guide Lines of Erection

of Power Transformers in
33/11KV Sub Stations

The erection of Power Transformers comprises of following

Works :

Unloading
of
Transformer
form
Tractor
Trailer/Lorry at the Sub Station.
Stacking aside wherever the Power Transformer
plinth etc are not ready.
Moving the transformer on to plinth
Assembly of all the mounting , accessories etc.,
Filling and topping up of transformer oil
Oil circulation through filter if required.
Earthing
Jumpering

Unloading of Transformer form Tractor Trailer/Lorry at the Sub

Station :. Generally the higher capacity Power Transformers
are sent from
the manufacturer duly dismantling,
conservator tank Radiators, Piping etc. in either tractor trailor
or lorry. For unloading the main tank from the vehicle we may
use a suitable crane or do manually. When manual unloading
is done, the following T & P and equipment are required.
Wooden Sleepers 8 to 12 length, 12 width, 6 or 8 thick 40 Nos
10 Ton tirfur with rope
-1
20 ton winch with rope
-1
5 Ton Chain Pulley block -1
2 Ton Chain Pulley block -1
Hydraulic Jacks 10 Tons Capacity 4 Nos
Wire rope size
20 Mtrs
Manila rope of different sizes & lengths
Crow Bars
Rail Poles minimum 20 ft length - 4 Nos
General T & P
Wooden Packing pieces , ,1, 1 , 2, 4 thick Set

Plat form up to the height if tractor trailor/ lorry is to

be built up with wooden sllepers. By using hydraulic
jacks, the main tank is to be lifted on all sides to a
height so that the rail poles can be in serted at the
bottom of main tank and main tank rests on rail
poles The other end of poles are to be on the
wooden sleeper plat form Now with the help of
winch or tirfur the transformer main tank will be
dragged on rail poles up to wooden sleeper plat
form.
When the main tank could be dragged
correctly over the platform, with the help of
hydraulic jacks the transformer main tank is raised
slightly and rails are removed, The main tank is
(lowered to one sleeper height by slowly removing
the top sleepers on e after another). During removal
of sleepers following step by step operations are
done.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Keep two jacks under jack pads of transformers along the top sleeper ( Which is be
removed one jack each on either and of sleeper)
Operate the Jacks so that lifting pad of jacks are tightly positioned under transformer
jack pads
Now slowly pressurize jacks equally on both sides simultaneously so that one side of the
transformer tank is raised slightly to enable to draw out the sleeper.
Now Place the wooden packing pieces one over the other by the sides of Jacks up to
jack height
Now remove the sleeper slowly with out hitting the jacks
Slowly lower the transformer tank, by releasing pressure in jacks slowly (both
simultaneously) and removing the packing pieces one after another
Now remove the Jacks, when the side of transformer is securely resting on the next
bottom sleepers
Now place the jacks on the other side of the power transformer tank and carry pout
above operation and remove other side sleeper also.
After the transformer tank lowered to the height of one sleeper height, then sleepers
are to be placed along the rout to the plinth on which PTR is to be erected.
ON the sleepers rail poles are to be kept duly inserting under the tank and transformer
tank is to be dragged close to the plinth.
After dragging the transformer tank nearer to plinth the transformer tank is to be raised
to the level slightly above the plinth top level by using sleepers & Hydraulic jack
Then the Power Transformer tank is to be dragged on to the plinth slowly with the help
of rail poles and winch tirfor.
When the transformer tank is correctly positioned placed on the plinth further work is to
be taken up.

Assembling of Transformer fittings ,

Mountings

The radiator dummy plates are to be

removed and ensured that no foreign
material, moisture is accumulated in the
radiators, the radiators can be fitted by using
sleepers, Jacks/ Chain pulley block. The
radiator valves shall be inclosed position
only
Conservator tank is to be fixed by lifting the
same suitably
Slicagel breather, vent pipe, Bucholtz relay
thermometes are to be fixed on to the power
transformer

Filling /toping Up of oil : Now New filtered tested

Transformer oil is to be filled in to transformer
through suitable clean pump & pipes slowly through
one of the top valves while filling oil slowly open
bottom valve and air releasing dummy of one
radiator. When oil is filled up to top of radiator then
close the air releasing dummy immediately open top
valve of radiator. In the same way all the radiators
are to be filled and conservator tank is filled up to
50% level approximately.
Then release the air once from all air releasing points.
Checkup oil level in the OLTC unit
Then earthing and jumpering is to be done as per
standards.

Erection of Breakers

Before Erection of Breaker, suitable plinths are to be

constructed duly embedding the foundation bolts as per
distances specified in the manual of the breaker
Once the curing period of plinth is completed and plinths
are perfectly cured, first the mounting structures of the
breaker is to be placed on plinth in position. Then the
breaker is to be brought near to plinth on rail poles or MS
Channels, lifted & erected with the help of chain pulley
bock & ropes. During erection of Breaker for tying the
Breaker to ropes lifting ring ears provided on the breaker
are to be used but not bushings or bushing collar frames
CT base channels are to be fixed and CTs are to be
positioned on the channels already fixed
Jumpering from Bus Isolators to Breaker; Breaker to CTs ;
CTs to line Isolators is done with Panther Conductor
through suitable clamps.
Double earthing of Breaker body & CT Body is to be done.

Erection of PTs, L Ass, CTs :

Before erection of these equipment base

dimension, distances between mounting
holes are to be noted.
Suitable holes are to be drilled in seating
structure on which the equipment is to be
erected.
The equipment is to be lifted by using lifting
holes provided to the equipment with the
help of chain pulley block manila rope
After positioning on the channels the base
is to be fixed to base channel with suitable
coated or GI bolts, Plain washers spring
washers and double nuts
Earthing & Jumpering is to be done as per
the standards.

EARTHING SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

Earthing Systems:
Electrical earthing is designed primarily to render electrical installation safe. The
purpose of earthing are :
1. Protection to the plant
2. Protection to the personnel and
3. Improvement in service reliability
Non- current carrying parts with conducting surface such as tanks of Power
Transformers, and frame work of circuits breakers, structural steel work in
switch yard instrument transformer cases, lightning arresters and armored
cables armoring should be effectively grounded for protection of equipments
and operating personnel. Earth connections of all equipments should be
made in duplicate.
Connecting lead should have sufficient current carrying capacity.
L A s should have independent earth electrode which should be inter connected
to the station grounding system.
All paints, enamel, seals should be removed from the point off contact of metal
surfaces before earth connections are made.
The resistances of earth system should not exceed 2 ohms for 33/11 KV Sub
Stations.
But in the sub stations of Distribution companies Earth resistance Maximum of 1
Ohm is maintained.
Suitable grounding mat should be provided in the sub station yard.

In a Sub Station the following shall be earthed.

The neutral point of the systems of different
voltages which have to be earthed.
Apparatus, frame work and other non-current
carrying metal work associated with each system,
for example transformer tanks, switch gear frame
work etc.,
Extraneous metal frame work not associated with
the power systems, for example, boundary, fence,
steel structures etc.,
The earthing Means connecting of Electrical
equipment, machinery or an electrical system
with the general mass of earth is termed as
earthing or grounding

FUNCTION OF AN EARTHING SYSTEM

A Sub Station earthing system has to satisfy
four requirements:

The earthing system must provide an environment

which is free from the possibility of fatal electric
shock.
The earthing system must provide a low
impedance path for fault and earth leakage
currents to pass to earth.
The earthing conductors must possess sufficient
thermal capacity to pass the highest fault current
for the required time
The earthing conductors must have sufficient
mechanical strength and corrosion resistance.

Earthing can be broadly divided as :

System Grounding ( System Earthing)

Equipment Grounding (Safety
Grounding)

System Grounding:
It is a connection to the ground of a part of the
plant forming part of the operating circuits for
example the star point of the transformer or the
neutral conductor. The grounding of the lighting,
arrestors also comes under the head of system
grounding.
The provision of system ground
reduces to considerable extent the magnitude of
the transient over voltages and there by increases
the life of electrical equipment besides minimizing
the services interruptions.
Thus the fundamental purpose of system ground is
the protection of installation and improvement in
quality of service. The system ground also will
ensure the safety of the personnel to some extent,
as it helps to clear the fault speedily.

Safety Grounds (Equipment Grounding)

It is a connection to the ground of non-current carrying parts of the

equipments like Motors, Transformer Tanks, Switchgear enclosures,
Metallic enclosures of all electrically operated equipments and also
the installations used to carry/ Support electrical equipments. The
frames of the equipments, if not earthed when come into contact
accidentally with live parts will have potential with reference to the
ground. The potential difference, when shunted between the hands
and the feet of a person touching the frame, produces current
through the body which can result in a fatality. By connecting body
which can result in a fatality. By connecting the frames to a low
resistance ground system, a sufficiently high current will flow into
the ground when accidentally the live parts of the equipment /
Machinery touch the frames, and consequently saves the operating
personnel from fatal accidents.
Thus the equipment grounding is basically intended to safeguard to
a great extent from the hazards of touch voltages. The safety
ground is so designed that the potential difference appearing
between the frames and the neighboring ground is kept within safe
limits.

Separation of system and safety grounds:

During ground fault conditions, the fault current
flows via the system ground. When the system and
safety grounds are inter connected, the fault current
flowing (via) the system ground rises the potential of
the safety ground. Also the flow of current to safety
ground results in hazardous potential gradient in and
around sub station. In view of the above it is some
times suggested that separate system and safety
grounds will avoid the danger arising due to potential
gradients. The idea is that by connecting the system
ground to a separate earthing system situated in a in
accessible spot, the ground fault current does not
flow through the safety ground. However, this
separate system of grounds has many disadvantages
and can be more hazardous as mentioned below

With separate grounds we can avoid danger due to

potentials only for faults outside the stations.
Short circuit currents will be more if the fault occurs
in the sub stations.
The resistance may be more and in some cases
sufficient currents may not flow to operate the
relays.
For effective separation of the earthing systems, the
system ground shall be installed at a distance of at
least twice the diagonal length of the sub station
which is covered by safety grounding. The neutral
of the transformer has to be connected to this
remote earthing by means of insulated leads. Even
with this arrangement one cannot always be sure
about the complete isolation of the two systems and
there is always a chance of inadequate electrical
connection through buried neutral pipes etc., Hence,
this is impracticable, complicated and costly. It is
therefore a common practice to install a common
grounding system and design the same for effective
earthing and safer potential gradients.

System Earthing

System earthing is governed by provisions of

Rule - Of I.E Rules, 1956. Unearthed systems
have been tried and due to the phenomenon of
Arcing Grounds associated with them, theses
have been abandoned, excepting in a few cases
of power station auxiliaries supply systems where
other arrangements are made for indicating earth
faults. In an ungrounded system the insulation of
all the equipments, lines etc, will have to be
much higher values as compared to those of
equipments and lines of a grounded system. This
aspect greatly reduces the costs and ensures
more safety.

Types of System
Earthing:

Earthing
Earthing
Earthing
Earthing

through a resistance.
through a reactance.
through a Peterson coil
directly or solid earthing.

SubBecause
Station
Earthing
of the difficulties and disadvantages

involved in
marinating the system grounding and safety grounding separately
it is the common practice now to have a combined grounding
system at the sub stations. Provision of adequate earthing in a
sub station is extremely important for the safety of the operating
personnel as well as for proper system operation. The Primary
requirements of a good earthing system in a sub station are.
The impedance to ground should be as low as possible.
The
impedance of the earth system shall not exceed the following
limits in the sub stations

Power Stations

0.5 Ohms

Major Sub stations above 110 KV

1.0 Ohms

Minor Sub Stations below 110 KV

2.0 Ohms

Distribution Transformer Station

5.0 Ohms

Transmission line supports

10.0 Ohms

The Step and touch potentials should be within safe limits

Touch Potential :
Touch potential is the potential difference between the ground
surface potential where a person is standing and the potential of his
outstretched hand (s) which are in contact with an earthed
structure. It is normally assumed that a persons maximum reach is
1.0 meter.
Step Potential :
Step Potential is the potential difference between outstretched feet,
at a spacing of 1.0 meter without the person touching any earthed
structure
Mesh Potential
The maximum potential difference between the centre of a mesh in
an earth grid, and an earthed structure connected to the buried grid
conductors. It is worst case scenario of a touch potential.
Transferred potential
The transferred potential is a touch potential which is transferred
some distance by an earth referenced metallic conductor. For
example, consider a screened cable connecting two sub stations
which are some distance apart. If a person disconnects the earthed
termination at one end of a screened cable he may be subjected to
the full ground potential rise occurring due to an earth fault. This
can be a very high touch potential.

To keep the ground impedance as low as possible and

also to have satisfactory step and touch voltages, an
earthing mat will be buried at a suitable depth below the
ground and it is provided with grounding electrode at
suitable points. All the non-current carrying parts of the
equipments in the sub stations are connected to this
grid so as to ensure that under fault conditions, none of
these parts are at higher potential than the grounding
grid. Under normal conditions, the ground electrode
make little contribution to lower the earth resistance;
they are, however, desirable for marinating low value of
resistance under all weather conditions, which is
particularly important where the system fault currents
are heavy.
Earthing in a sub station must conform to the
requirements of the Indian Electricity Rules and follow
the directives laid down in section I and III of IS : 30431966. the earthing system has to be designed to have a
low overall impedance, and a current carrying capacity
consistent with fault current.

The factors which influence

the design are:

Duration of fault.
Magnitude of the fault current.
Resistivity of the underlying strata.
Resistivity of the surface material
Material of the earth electrode.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

100 X 16 mm and 75 X 8mm size MS steel flats are being ordered for forming
the earthing system for EHT Sub station and 33/11 KV Sub Stations respectively
Earth mat shall be formed with the steel flats buried in the ground at a depth of
500mm.
The earth mat shall extend over the entire switchgear yard and beyond the
security fencing of structural yard by at least one meter.
The outer most peripheral earthing conductor surrounding the earth mat shall
be of 100 x 16 mm size MS flat.
The intermediate earthing conductors forming the earth mat shall be of 75 x 8
mm size flat.
All the risers used for connecting the equipment steel structures etc., to earth
mat shall be of 50 x6 mm size excepting for earthing of L A s and transformer
neutrals for which 100 x 16 mm or 75 x 8 mm size shall be used.
All Junctions (crossing of the steel flats while forming the earth mat and taking
risers from the earthmat for giving earth connections to equipments, steel
structural conducts, cable shearths shall be propersly welded.
Proper earthing lugs shall be used for connecting the earth terminals of
equipments to the earthing steel flat.
Provisions shall be made for thermal expansion of the steel flats by giving
suitable bends.
The earth mat shall be formed by placing 75 x8mm MS flat at a distance 5
meters along the length & breadth of the sub station duly welding at crossing.
All the equipments, steel structural, conduits, cable sheaths shall be solidly
grounded by connecting to the earthing mat at least two places for each.
The ground mat of the switchyard shall be properly connected to the earth mat
of the control house at least at two points.
welding is done shall be given a coat of black asphalitic varnish and then
covered with hessain tape to avoid rusting.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

All paints, enamel and scale shall be removed from point of contact in metal
surfaces before applying ground connections.
The risers taken along the main switchyard structures and equipment
structures up to their top) shall be clamped to the structure at an interval of
not more than one meter with ground connectors.
75 X 8 mm ground conductor shall run in cable trenches and shall be
connected to the ground amt at an interval of 5 meters.
Grounding electrodes 2.75 Mtrs length 100 mm dia 9 mm thickness CI Pipes
shall be provided at all their peripheral corners of the earthiong mat and
also at Distance of 10 Mtrs along length & width of switch gearand in the
entire switch yard.
The grounding electrodes shall be drived into the ground and their tops shall
be welded to a clamp and the clamp together with the grounding shall be
welded to the ground conductor.
The switchyard surface area shall be covered by a layer of crushed rock of
size 25 x 40 mm to a depth of 100mm
Transformers and L A s and single phase potential transformer shall be
provided with earth pits near them for earthing and these earth pits in turn
shall be connected to the earth mat.
Power Transformers neutral shall be provided with double earthing. Neutral
earthing and body earthing of power transformers shall be connected to
separate earth electrode.
the entire earthing system shall be laid with constructional conveniences in
the filed, keeping in view the above points.
The joints and tap-offs where welding is done shall be given a coat of black
asphalitic varnish and then covered with hessain tape to avoid rusting.

THE PERMISSIBLE LIMITS OF STEP POTENTIAL AND

TOUCH POTENTIAL SHALL BE
Maximum Acceptable step Voltage
Fault clearance times
Fault clearance times

0.2 Seconds

0.35 Seconds

0.7 Seconds

On soil

1050 V

600 V

195 V

On chippings 150mm)

1400 V

800 V

250 V

Maximum Acceptable Touch Voltage

Fault clearance times
Fault clearance times

0.2 Seconds

0.35 Seconds

0.7 Seconds

On soil

3200 V

1800 V

535 V

On chippings 150mm)

4600 V

2600 V

815 V

EARTH GRID- MATERIAL

The following are the minimum sizes of materials to used.

S.
No

Item

Material to be used

Grounding Electrodes

CI pipe 100 mm (inner dia)

Meters long with a flange
at the top

Earth mat

75 X 8mm MS Flat

Connection to between 75 X 8mm MS Flat

electrodes and earthmat

Connection to between 50 x 6mm MS Flat

earth mat and equipment
(Top Connections)

The size of trench for burying earth mat shall be

300mm X 500mm. The earth mat shall be buried
in the ground at a depth of 500mm. The earth mat
shall extend over the entire switch yard.
All junctions and risers in the earth flat shall be
properly welded by providing additional flat pieces
for contact between two flats
Provision shall be made for thermal expansion of
steel flats by giving smooth circular bends Bending
shall not cause any fatigue in the material.
After welding, the joints and tap offs shall be given
two coats of Bitumen paint
Back filling of earth mat trench to be done with
good earth, free of stones and other harmful
mixtures. Back fill shall be placed in layer of
150mm, uniformly spread along the ditch, and
tampered by approved means

EARTH ELECTRODES
Earth electrodes shall be of CI pipe 100mm (inner dia)
2.75 meters long with a flange at the top and earth flat
already indicated and shall be connected to earth grid in
the Sub Station. All earth pits are to excavated and the
preferred backfill is a mixture of coke and salt in alternate
layers. A suitable size cement collar may be provided to
each earth electrode. All bolted earth mat connections
and strip connections to plant and equipment panel will
be subject to strict scrutiny. Transformer Neutrals shall be
connected directly to the earth electrode by two
independent MS strips of 75 X 8mm. The transformer
body earthing shall be done with 75 X 8mm flat. The
independent connections of MS strips with earth mat shall
be given on either side of the Transformer. All contact
surface must be filled or ground flat ensures good
electrical connection, and the contact surface shall be
protected with a contact lubricant. Following this all
connections shall be painted with heavy coats of
bituminous black paint so as to exclude moisture.

EARTH GRID WORK DETAILS

Neutral connection earth pipe shall never be used for the

equipment earthing.
A separate earth electrode shall be provided adjacent to the
structures supporting Lightning Arrestors. Earth connection
shall be as short and as straight as practicable. For arrestors
mounted near for protecting transformers earth conductors
shall be connected directly to the tank.
An Earthing pad shall be provided under each operating
handle of the isolator and operating mechanism of the circuit
breakers. Operating handle of the isolator and supporting
structures shall be bonded together by a flexible connection
and connected to the earthing grid.
All equipment and switchgear etc., erected shall be earthed
as per I.E Rules 1956.

SELECTION OF SITE FOR

SUB STATION

While selecting site for Sub Station the following points should be
kept in view.
1. The Sub Station should be as near the load centre as feasible.
2. The Sub Station should be far away from the obstructions to have
permit easy and safe approach of HV over heads transmission lines.
3. The Sub Station should be easily accessible to the road to facilitate
transport of equipment
4. As far as possible near a town and away from built up areas
5. Sufficiently away from the areas where military rifle practices are
held
6. The Site should have as far as possible good drinking water supply
7. The Sub Station should not be located within two miles of any
aerodrome
8. The
site selected should have sufficient area to properly
accommodate the Sub Station equipment, Structures, Buildings and
also future extensions.
9. SITE REQUIREMENTS OF SUBSTATIONS:10. 33KV SS -1Acer,132KV SS-2to5Acers,220KVSS-5to20Acers,
11. 400KVSS-50to75Acers,

DESIGN & LAYOUT

The factors that determine the final layout of
Sub Station are
No, of incoming and out going feeders
2.Expected loads demand on Sub Station
3.Soil resistivity
4.Facilities of Operation and Maintenance.
5.The normal weather conditions
6.Expected fault levels at the busbars
1.

Selection of Arrangement of
Switching of Functions

Relation of the Sub Station to the system as a

whole i.e the effect of a disturbance at a Sub
Station on continuity Power Supply in the
System.
Relation of the individual switching functions
to the other system feeders & functions
Immediate as well as long range adaptability
to system requirements
Evaluation of Bus Bar fault contingency.
Degree of switching flexibility to be provided
for equipment and line maintenance purposes.

P & T LINE CROSSINGS:

Posts & Telegraphs Department has to give clearance for
the crossing arrangement of power line with P & T lines.
A detailed sketch showing profile of crossing span,
angle of crossing and electrical clearance shall
accompany the proposal along with the prescribed
questionnaire duly answered. Clearance for the power
lines will be given if the following conditions are
fulfilled.
(i) The angle of crossing of the power line with the P&T
line is not less than 60o
(ii) The nearest power conductor shall be away from the
telecom line by not less than the distances tabulated
below under maximum sag conditions.
For 132 KV Lines: 2.744 Mtr. (9feet).
For 220 KV Lines : 4.572 Mtr. (15 feet)
For 400 KV Lines : 4.881 Mtr. (16 feet)

RAIL CROSSINGS
Clearance is to be obtained from the Railway Authorities for the
proposed power line crossing railway track. A sketch showing full
particulars such as Vertical Clearance of the lowest power conductor
over the railway track, angle of crossing and the shortest distance
from the railway track from the nearest tower shall accompany the
proposal for railway crossing. The prescribed questionnaire duly
answered and Factor of Safety Calculations shall also be sent along
with the proposals for railway crossing.
Clearance for the railway crossing will be accorded if the following
conditions are fulfilled. The power line shall cross the railway track
at an angle not less than 60o.
The crossing span shall not exceed 80% of the normal design span.
The minimum clearance of the lowest power conductor over the
railway track shall be as per the statement 2-1 on page II-4.
The minimum distance between footing of the nearest tower and the
railway track shall not be less than 1.5 times the height of the tower.
The Railway crossing span shall be strung with double tension
hardware fitted to the towers on either side of crossing span with
dead end towers.
The foundations, structures and power conductors and earth-wire
are all provided to have a minimum Factor of Safety of 2.00 under
normal conditions and 1.50 under Broken Wire Conditions.
The towers shall be earthed by providing two earth pits on either
side.

The clearance over the Railway Track and the

bottom
most
conductor
for
different
Transmission lines shall not be less than the
distances below under max. sag conditions.
Statement 2-1:
For 132 KV Lines
: 14.60 Metres.
For 220 KV Lines
: 15.40 Metres
For 400 KV Lines
: 17.90 Metres.

STRUCTURES
DESIGN LOADS:

WIND PRESSURE ON STRUCTURES: In regions other than coastal regions

125 Kg/Sq. m. on 1.5 times the projected area of members of one face for
latticed structures and other non-cylindrical objects and on single
projected area in the case of other structures. In coastal regions the wind
pressure may be assumed as 260 Kg./Sqm.

WIND PRESSURE ON CONDUCTORS : In regions other than coastal and hilly

regions, 75 Kg/Sq.m on two thirds projected areas. Coastal areas 125/150
Kg. / Sq.m. In hilly regions 90 Kg. / Sq.m

Maximum tension per conductor of transmission line conductors strung

from terminal towers to station structures or strung buses :
1) 33 KV and 11 KV 450 Kg.
2) 66 KV 450 Kg.
3) 132 KV and 220 KV 900 Kg.
4) 400 KV 1000 Kg.
5) Ground wire Tension 450 Kg.

MAXIMUM SPANS OF LINES ADJACENT TO STATIONS

33 KV and below 60.00 m
66 Kv and above 150.00 m

UPLIFT OF ADJACENT SPANS:

Maximum slope (mean of the 3-phases) at the point of attachment 1 : 8
above horizontal.

FACTOR OF SAFETY:
FOR STEEL: 2.0 based on maximum loading
conditions (on elastic limit for tension
members and crippling load for compression
members).
FOR R.C.C. : 3.5 on ultimate breaking load
FOR SAFETY AGAINST OVER TURNING:
Steel2, R.C.C 2.0

Busbars:
The substation busbars can be broadly classified in to
the following three categories:
Out door rigid tubular busbars
Outdoor flexible ACSR or aluminum alloy busbars
Indoor busbars
Busbar of Outdoor Switchyard:
These are of following forms:
1.Tubular aluminum conductors are supported on post
insulators made of porcelain. These are bolted to get
extended lengths.
2. ACSR/AAC conductor is supported at each stringing
point on strain insulator .Such flexible busbars are
used for long spans with (beams and columns) support
structures at each end. In some cases the strain
insulators may be supported on the walls of power
house or valve house buildings.

Rigid Tubular Busbars:

Commonly used Sizes of Aluminum
Pipes:
Nominal Dia .
System Voltage (External /
Internal) mm
11 kV, 33 kV & 66
kV
132 kV

220 kV

400 kV

42/35
60/52
88/78
101.6/90.1
101.6/85.4
114.3/97.2
114.3/102.3
114.3/97.2
114.3/102.3

Voltage Class

430 kV / 230 kV

Size

4" IPS (EH)

Outer diameter

114.30 mm

Inner diameter

97.20 mm

Thickness

8.51 mm

Cross sectional area

2825.61 sq.mm

Type of designation
Tensile strength

63401 WP as per
IS:5082
20.5 kg/sq.mm

Weight

7.7 kg /m

Current rating at 75 C

3000 Amps

STRUNG BUS BARS

The materials in common use for strung type
Bus bars are ACSR conductors. Bundled
conductors (two or four) are used where high
ratings for bus bars are required. The size of
conductors commonly used are:
11 KV - 61/3.18 mm ZEBRA Twin
33 KV - 61/3.18 mm ZEBRA Twin
132 KV - 61/3.18 mm ZEBRA Single/Twin
220 KV - 61/3.53 mm MOOSE
Single/Twin/Quadruple
61/3.8 mm
400 KV - 61/3.53 mm MOOSE
Quadruple

Strung Busbar:
Commonly Used Sizes of Conductor:
System
Voltage

Equivalent
Aluminum
area
(Sq.mm.)

Current
Carrying
Capacity
at 75oC

420

737

200

487

180

445

61/3.18mm ZEBRA ACSR

420

737

37/3.00mm PANTHER ACSR

200

487

61/3.18mm ZEBRA ACSR

420

737

61/3.53mm MOOSE ACSR

520

836

61/3.53mm MOOSE ACSR

520

836

Conductor Size

61/3.18mm ZEBRA ACSR

11kV,
33
kV & 66 kV 37/3.00mm PANTHER ACSR

37/2.79mm LYNX ACSR

132 kV

220 kV

400 kV

STANDARD BAY WIDTHS IN METERS:

11 KV4.7
33 KV
4.7
66 KV7.6
132 KV
12.2 & 11
220 KV
17.00
400 KV
27.00

STANDARD BUS AND EQUIPMENT ELEVATIONS

Rated
Equipment live
voltage terminal elevation in
(KV)
meters

11 & 33
66
132
220

2.8 to 4.0
4.0
3.7 to 5
4.9 to 5.5

Main Bus / Buses

elevation in metres

Low

High

5.5 to 6.5
6.0 to 7.0
8.0 to 9.5
9.0 to 13.0

9.0
9.0 to 10.5
13.5 to 14.5
18.5

Take-off
elevation
in metres

6.5 to 8.5
9.5
12.0 to 12.5
15.0 to 18.5

STRINGING TENSIONS:
The insulators, bus bars and connections
should not be stressed to more than one
fourth of the breaking load or one third of
their elastic limit whichever is lower.
CLEARANCES:
The following are the
minimum
clearances
for
out-door
equipment and rigid conductors in air.

Rated
voltage
(KV)

BIL Basic
insulation
level (KV)

Minimum Clearance
between

Phase to
phase
(mm)

Phase to
earth
(mm)

Phase to phase
spacing in isolators
and switches

11

75

400

310

610

920

33

170

400

320

760

120

66

325

750

630

1530

2140

132

550
650

1350
1600

1150
1380

2140

3050

220

900
1050

2300
2700

1960
2300

3400

4000

400

1425
1550

4000
5200

3500
3640

Normally adopted phase spacings for strung

bus are indicated below:
11 KV
1300 mm
33 KV
1300 mm
66 KV
2200 mm
132 KV
3000/3600 mm
220 KV
4500 mm
400 KV
7000 mm.

a)

The minimum clearance of the live parts to

ground in an attended outdoor sub-station
and the sectional clearance to be
maintained between live parts in adjacent
sections for safety of persons while
working with adjacent sections alive are
given below:

Voltage rating (KV)

Minimum Clearance to ground (mm.)

Sectional Clearance (mm.)

11

3700

2600

33

3700

2800

66

4600

3000

132

4600

3500

220

5500

4300

400

8000

7000

The bottom most portion of any insulator or

bushing in service should be at a minimum
height of 2500 mm above ground level.